will keep chewing at a bone a whole day, to the utter neglect of her grass, and to the no small dismay of the dairy-maid in the evening, when the cow returns without a drop of milk?" "I have observed it frequently," cried Henry, when so employed, and throw into their mouth a handful of sand and small pebbles; this, by mixing with their favorite morsel, spoils the whole, and they then reluctantly throw the mouthful out, and take to their grass.' 99 to the shore; one or two little boats were seen gliding homewards; but the distant ships steadily held on their way, now almost lost in the misty distance-night and day pursuing their course over the vast deep. As we ascended the sloping beach, we were recalled from our visions of the sea by" and I have been taught to creep close to said cows objects reminding us of the land. The cattle from the neighboring fields had wandered down to the beach, and their dark massive forms were seen between us and the sky, as they straggled along the shore. "I think these cattle are actually feeding on the sea-weed," cried Henry; "I am sure I see one cow busily chewing a piece of sea-tangle.' "That is the very object," I replied, "which has made them wander here. Why should not cows and oxen love the sea-side as well as we? All graminivorous animals are exceedingly fond of salt, and of every substance which contains it. Hence they chew with avidity the sea-weed and lick the salt incrusted on the rocks. Nay, they will also feed with avidity on fish. "At the western extremity of the island of Lismore, on the Argyleshire coast,' says Dr. Macculoch, are some rocks separated at low water, where the cattle may be daily observed resorting, quitting the fertile pastures to feed on the seaweed. It has erroneously been supposed that this practice, as well as the eating of fish, was the result of hunger. It appears, on the contrary, to be the effects of choice, in cattle as well as in sheep, that have once found access to this diet. The accuracy with which they attend to the diurnal variations of the tide is very remarkable, calculating the times of the ebb with such nicety, that they are seldom mistaken even when they have some miles to walk to the beach. In the same way, they always secure their retreat from these chosen spots in such a manner as never to be surprised and drowned by the returning tide. With respect to fish, it is equally certain that they often prefer it to their best pastures. It is not less remarkable that the horses of Shetland eat dried fish from choice, and that the dogs brought up on these shores continue to prefer it to all other diet, even after a long absence.' "Herodotus mentions that the inhabitants in the vicinity of the lake Prasias were in the practice of feeding their horses and cattle on fish. The Icelanders and Faroese do the same, both with fish and dried whales' flesh, which they generally serve up as a soup, with a small quantity of fodder. • In the northern parts of the state of Michigan,' says Captain Marryat in his diary in America, hay is very scarce, and in winter the inhabitants are obliged to feed their cattle on fish. You will see,' says he the horses and cows dispute for the offal; and our landlord told me that he has often witnessed a particular horse wait very quietly while they were landing the fish from the canoes, watch his opportunity, dart in, steal one, and run away with it in his mouth."" This surprises me," said Elizabeth, "I thought animals, if left to their own choice, would always confine their taste to the particular kind of food to which they were destined by their structure." "As a general rule this holds true; few carnivorous animals, I believe, would be disposed to exchange their beef for greens; but then, again, those who live on greens seem to have a hankering now and then after a piece of beef. I dare say you may have observed at home how pertinaciously a cow Darker and darker now grew the evening shadows as we slowly took our way landwards. The waving sand-hills at last shut out our view of the ocean, and its hollow murmurs only reached our ears. We bade it a last adieu, after having spent two delightful days admiring its wonders, and having brought away with us numerous trophies, to remind us of our studies on the sea-shore. VERSES, survey; My right there is none to dispute; O Solitude! where 's the attractions, I am out of humanity's reach, Society-blarney-abuse Gifts dear to the boys of my name! It 's soon I'd be out of this same. In the ways of repalers and men, A Times, with a faithful report Of the house I shall visit no more. O tell me I yet have a frind, Though Bentinck I'm never to see. The Saxon lies down in his lair,- But whisky is still to be had; And the whisky-encouraging thought! Punch. *The Martyr is accommodated with a very neat "folding bed." From the British Quarterly Review. history of journals or gazettes, the "Nouvelles de (1.) Le Moniteur.-(2.) Le Messager.-(3.) Le la République des Lettres" should not be forgotten. Journal des Débats.-(4.) Le Constitutionnel. This work was originally undertaken by Bayle, Le (5.) Le Siècle.-(6.) La Presse.-(7.) Le Na- Clerc, Basnage, and some other illustrious savans, tional.-(8.) La Gazette de France.-(9.) La and under their management continued to give that Quotidienne.-(10.) Le Globe.-(11.) Le Cor- which is oftener sought than found in our own day saire Satan.-(12.) Le Charivari.—(13.) L'Es- -a just and impartial account of the works reprit Public.-(14.) La Réforme.-(15.) La Dé-viewed. Among the political and literary gazettes mocratie Pacifique. Paris, 1845, 1846. of a somewhat later epoch, "La Clef du Cabinet (16.) Histoire Edifiante du Journal des Débats. des Princes," commenced at Luxemburgh, in Paris: Baudry. July, 1704, by Claude Jordan, and continued un(17.) Venalité des Journaux, Révélations accom-der the title of "Journal de Verdun," because it pagnées de Preuves. Par CONSTANT HILBEY. appeared in that town, had the greatest success. Ouvrier, Tailleur. Paris, chez tous les Librai-Towards the end of the republic, the celebrated res. Septembre, 1845. (18.) L'Ecole des Journalistes, Comédie en 5 Actes. Par MDE. EMILE DE GIRARDIN; suivie d'une Lettre de M. JULES JANIN; et d'une Réponse de M. GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC. Troisième Edition, Paris, 1840. Ir were a curious and instructive study to trace the progress of the Newspaper Press of France, from the earliest times down to our own day;-to record the history of the ancient Gazetier and the modern Journalist;-of the old Gazette of times long gone by, as well as of the modern Journal. In the French of the 17th century, the Gazetier signified the Editor of a periodical publication, as well as the Publisher; but the word is not now used in this latter sense, and generally bears an ill signification. bookseller, Panckoucke, borrowed this title for a well conducted journal, "La Clef du Cabinet des Souverains," a daily paper, to which Garat and Roussel contributed excellent articles. The name of the "Moniteur," so often cited, not merely in France, but in every civilized country in the world, was borrowed from the English journal of that name which appeared in 1759. France, whose object it always seems to have been, "to tread upon the kibes of England," possessed in the following year (1760) a Moniteur of her own-a periodical journal, containing moral and political articles. The gravers and the printers' art did not alone suffice for our restless and volatile neighbors. There were not wanting spec. ulators, scandalous and shameless enough to send under an envelope to their abonnés, a manuscript bulletin of all the tittle-tattle trivialness, gossip, scandal, rouéries, and lies of Paris. These letters, called " Nouvelles à la Main," were invented by a discreditable demirep, one Mde. Doublet, who kept a regular scandal-shop, where persons of both sexes resorted, and where characters were blackened, and reputations destroyed, for any consideration that malevolence might offer or infamy accept. Though any frivolous inquiry into the origin of words, in the present age of facts and realities, be for the most part idle, yet it may be permitted to us to state, that the word Gazetier is derived from Gazette, a denomination which the earliest journal received from the piece of Venetian coin, "Gazetta," which the reader paid for each number in the Piazza de St. Marco, in the seventeenth century. The first regular Journal which modern Some small rivulet of truth occasionally meantimes has known, however, appeared in England dered through this vast meadow of médisance; in 1588. It bore the title of the "English Mer- but fiction, not fact, was the dame's staple article. cury," and probably suggested to the French It is certain that this clandestine publication gave nation the idea of the Mercure Français, ou some concern to the government; for, on the 6th Suite de l'Histoiré de la Paix." This publication of October, 1753, the Marquess d'Argenson wrote commenced in 1605, the Septennaire of D. to the lieutenant of police of Berryer, that the Cayer, and extended to the year 1644, forming" nouvelles" could not fail to produce an ill effect, altogether a collection of 25 vols. The curious seeing that Mde. Doublet kept a regular registry compilation was, till 1635, edited by John Richer, and continued by Theophile Renaudot. of scandal, which was not only spread through Paris, but dispersed all over the provinces. The The "Mercure Galant," which gave birth to minister went on to state, that though such conthe "Mercure de France," and to the "Mercure duct was displeasing to the king, yet his majesty Français" of 1792, commenced in February, 1672, had requested, before severer means were resorted under the editorship of Visé, and subsequently to, that his minister should see Mde. Doublet, with counted among its contributors and editors some of a view of representing to her that the abuse and the first names in French history. Another "Mer- the scandal should cease, and that she should no cury," not merely gallant, but historical and polit-longer permit those who encouraged such infamies ical, appeared in 1686, under the editorship of to frequent her house. Notwithstanding these Sandras de Courtiltz; and to this periodical the threats, the injunctions of the police were not, it great Bayle did not disdain to contribute. It sur- appears, obeyed; for, in 1762, the Duke de Choivived to a good old age, and died in its 76th year, seul, then minister of Louis XV., complained in 1782. The publication of the "Public Intelli- again to Berryer, and at the conclusion of his letgencer" in England, in 1661, which met with a ter of the 24th of March thus expressed himself: success signal and decisive, soon found copyists in" His majesty has directed me to order you to reFrance. Loret, in imitating it, composed his pair to Mde. Doublet, and to announce to her that, pitiable "Gazette Burlesque," or "Muse His- if any more nouvelles' are issued from her house, torique," which was followed by the "Journal the king will cause her to be immured within the des Savans," beginning in 1665, and continued walls of a convent, from whence she can no without interruption down to 1792. Recommenced in 1797 by Sallo, who took the pseudonyme of "Hédouville," it attained its greatest renown about 1816. In any sketch of the longer send forth 'nouvelles,' not merely impertinent and improper, but contrary to the rules of his majesty's service." Mde. Doublet persevered, nevertheless, in her course. The police now 68 JOURNALISM IN FRANCE. sought to corrupt some of the habitués of her According to the report of Mouchi, one Gillet, We have already spoken of three Mercuries, but have not said a word of one, of which La Bruere was the "titulaire," as it was called. This privilege of titulaire was worth, to that fortunate man, 25,000 livres de rente, and having died one fine morning at Rome, about the year 1757, while the court was at Fontainebleau, Marmontel, who was there passing an hour with Quesnai, was sent for by Mde. de Pompadour, who said "Nous avons dessein d'attacher au nouveau brevet du Mercure des pensions pour les gens de lettres. Vous qui les connaissez nommez moi ceux qui en auroient besoin et qui en seroient susceptibles." Marmontel named Crebillon, d'Alembert, Boissy, and some others. Boissy obtained, through Marmontel's instrumentality, the brevet of the Mercure, but Boissy, though able enough to edit the journal, was incompetent to sustain it for any length of time. He had neither resources, nor activity, nor literary acquaintance, and he could not turn to the Abbé Raynal-for he did not know him-who was the man of all work in the absence of La Bruere. In this emergency Boissy held out a signal of distress "Prose to Marmontel, and wrote to this effect. ou vers ce qu'il vous plaira tout me sera bon de Marmontel passed a sleepless and votre main."* *Memoires de Marmontel, tom. ii. p. 79. feverish night in consequence of this unexpected It But, alas! all is not "couleur de rose" in the life of a journalist, as the initiated know but too well; and Marmontel confesses that he soon found out that to come to Paris to edit a newspaper was to condemn himself to use his own words-" au travail de Sisyphe ou à celui des Danaïdes.' Some of the first literary names in France were at this moment connected with the "Mercure" and its editor. Among others we need only name D'Alembert, L'Abbé Morellet, L'Abbé Raynal, Marivaux, and Chastellux. Nor was this collaboration exclusively confined to Frenchmen. The Abbé Galiani, Caraccioli, and the Compte de Creutz, were among the contributors; and the chansonniers Panard, Gallet, and Collé, occasionally lent their blithesome aid. But this voluminous journal was soon to be suspended by the Revolution, not, however, before its columns had been enriched by the pens of Chamfort and Guinguéné. The former delicate, ingenious, brilliant, and witty writer, furnished the Tableau de la Revolution, in which the remarkable events of that remarkable time are eloquently retraced. Of these, Chamfort composed thirteen livraisons, each containing two tableaux, and the work was afterwards continued to the twenty-fifth by M. Guinguéné. We have not spoken of the " Journal Etranger," to which the Abbés Arnaud and Prevost, Toussaint The Fréron, (the famous Fréron, of whom more anon,) Favier Heranndex, J. J. Rousseau, Grimm, and other celebrated men, were contributors. editorship of this miscellany was undertaken by Suard, afterwards of the Academy, in 1754, and its object was to introduce to the notice of France all that was remarkable in the literature of England, Spain, and Germany. The paper existed until the month of June, 1763, when it ceased to appear. Towards the close of the same year, Suard, and his friend Arnaud, were commissioned by the gov ernment to undertake the "Gazette de France," each with a salary of 10,000f. A void, however, this period, M. Maret, afterwards Duke of Bassawas created by the demise of the Journal Etran- no, and who was editor of the "Bulletin de l'Asger," which the two friends determined to supply semblie Nationale," agreed to incorporate his paper by the creation of the "Gazette Litteraire de l'Eu- with the "Moniteur," and soon after became the rope." This new periodical, protected by the first rédacteur en chef of the latter journal. As Minister for Foreign Affairs, bore no more charmed Maret was an admirable short-hand writer, the existence than its predecessor, and when it died a paper became, to use the words of his biographer, natural death, Suard and Arnaud were paid by a tableau en relief. It was not merely fidelity of their subscribers to the tune of four volumes in expression that was transmitted, but the spirit of advance. Where should we find such easy gulli- the debate was embodied, and the gesture and deble subscribers now-a-days in the new world or the meanor of the orator described. Something more, old? and echo answers, where, in mournful response however, than mere reports were needed; and a to curious and inquiring aspirants to authorship. series of articles were determined on, comparing Let the meanest among the dregs of the Row the parliamentary system springing from the Revoand Grub-street, pluck up"heart of grace," how-lution, with the system that prevailed anteriorly. ever, for be it known to all the dullards and dunces The exact and conscientious Peuchet undertook for their comfort, that among the most complaisant this difficult task. His articles, under the title of and contented contributors to this journal were the an introduction, form the first volume of the collecfamous Denis Diderot, and the gentleman philoso- tion of the "Moniteur." pher Saint Lambert. Nor were other appliances wanting to success. Suard had married one of the cleverest and most agreeable women of the day, Malle. Panckoucke, the sister of the famous printer and bookseller. His house and hearth were patronized by the "grand monde," under the title of "le petit ménage;" and here the munificence of the prince de Beauvau, and of the Marquis de Chastellux were exhausted, to place the petit ménage, to use the language of the biographer of Suard, en etat de donner des festins à la haute littérature."* It is the fashion among some Englishmen to cry up their own country at the expense of France; but where, we would ask, can any Englishman lay his finger on prince or marquess who exhausted, not his munificence, but who contributed one hundred pounds, either in gifts or otherwise, to place the "petit ménage" of an English journalist in a condition to worthily entertain men of letters? 66 From this period the principal and the most precious recommendation of the "Moniteur' was, and is, that it is a repertory of all the important faets connected with the annals of modern France. The "Moniteur," indeed, is the only pure well of undefiled historical truth, though occasionally dashed and brewed with lies, more especially in the Napoleonic time, from which a thorough knowledge may be obtained of the parties and history of France. Tables compiled with diligence, method, and clearness, and published for each year, facilitate the researches of the student, and conduct him through the immense labyrinth of facts which have been accumulated during half a century. Men of extraordinary merit have occasionally coöperated, either as men of letters or as philosophical writers or as publicists in the editing of this remarkable journal. We have already cited the Duke of Bassano, who was rédacteur en chef, to the end of the Constituent Assembly. Berquin, the author of "L'Amie des Enfans," succeeded him at a time when Rabaut de St. Etienne, La Harpe; Laya, the author of " L'Ami des Lois"; Framery; Guinguéné, author of a Literary History of Italy; Garat, who was minister and senator; Suard, of the Academy, of whom we have before spoken; Charles His, Gallois Granville, Marsilly, La Chapelle, and others, enriched the very same pages with their united labors. Under the Convention and the Directory, M. Jourdan performed the duties of rédacteur en chef, and was assisted by Trouvé, Sauvo, and Gallois. Under the Consulate, Sauvo was placed at the head of the "Moniteur," and is, or lately was, editor in chief. It may be in the recollection of our readers, that during the crisis of the ministry of Polignac, that weak foolish man The founder of the "Moniteur" was a great and sent for M. Sauvo, and handed him the famous enterprising bookseller, of the name of Charles ordonnances which produced the Revolution of Joseph Panckoucke, the father of Madame Suard, July, with a view to their publication in the official of whom we have just spoken, and celebrated by journal, when the courageous journalist remonthe publication of the "Encyclopédie Méthodique." strated with the president of the council, and pointed Panckoucke had, in a journey to England, been out to him the folly-the madness-of his course.t struck with the immense size of the London jour- The minister refused, even at the twelfth hour, to nals. He resolved to introduce a larger form into listen to the voice of wisdom, and our readers know France. This was the origin of the "Moniteur the result. During a period of nearly forty years, Universel," which first saw the light on the morn- M. Sauvo has written in the " Moniteur" the prining of the 24th November, 1789. But the "Moni- cipal portion of the matter under the head Théâtres, teur," in its infancy, did not, as the reader may and all parties most capable of judging of such matwell suppose, possess its present organization. A ters admit the taste and the tact he has uniformly very small space was allotted to the report of the proceedings of the National Assembly, and the debates were often incorrectly given. Shortly after It is not our purpose, and it would far exceed the compass of an article, to go over the journals and newspapers of the Revolution. Most of them were scandalous-many of them were bold-a few useful; but there was one journal which sprung out of this great crisis, which has survived that stormy and terrific epoch, and which has lived to see many great changes even in our own day. We allude to the "Moniteur Universel," the official journal of the French government. Born of the first Revolution, and a witness of all the political revolutions which have succeeded it, the "Moniteur" has had the rare advantage of surviving times of trouble and civil strife, without losing any portion of its high consideration, and without changing either its character or its language. * Vie de Suard, par Charles de Rozior. Paris, 1839. Sor. Bruxelles, 1843. * Souvenirs du Duc de Bassano, par Mde. Charlotte de + Memoires de Lafayette, par Sarrans. Procès des Ministres de Charles X. " England and France; or, the Ministerial Gallomania."-Murray, 1832. 70 exhibited in this department of his labors, his criti- | France, died young. Their mother, a woman of cisms being extended not merely to the pieces, but sense and talent, afforded them the advantage of If these essays were the best and most careful education. In the revoto the actors and actresses. published separately, they would form no mean lution of 1789 they were both young, but the elder course of dramatic literature. Among the nume- was old enough to have witnessed many of the rous collaborateurs of M. Sauvo, from the Consu-horrors of 1793. He assisted at some of the temlate and Empire to our own day, we may mention pestuous and sanguinary debates of that epoch, Peuchet; Tourlet; the learned Jomard; Cham- and was saved from being a victim by his extreme pollion, of the Academy des Inscriptions et Belles youth. It is not our purpose to go over the history of Lettres; Amar; Tissot, of the Academy; Kératry; Petit Radel; David, formerly consul-general the press during the consulate. It will be suffiin the East; Aubert de Vitry, and Champagnac.cient to state that soon after Bonaparte had estabThe "Moniteur" is the only journal, it should be lished himself in the seat of power, he practically observed, which reproduces exactly the debates of annihilated the decree of the ninth of September, With the Chambers, for other journals have recourse to 1789, which declared that the liberty of the press analysis and abridgments. The only certain basis was one of the inalienable rights of men. of an exact analysis would be the words of the one stroke of the pen, the little Corsican decided "Moniteur;" but this journal, contrary to its that among the numerous political journals existagreement, which imposcs on it the obligation of ing, twelve should alone survive, and to these was furnishing proof sheets to all the journals on the conceded the exiguous liberty of publishing the evening of its publication, appears after the latter list of sales of real and personal property by auchave been printed off, and cannot consequently be tion and otherwise, the bulletins and recitals of of the least use for an analysis of the debates. It battles published in the "Moniteur," the new laws, were, perhaps, a piece of supererogatory informa-and dramatic criticisms on the spectacles of the tion, to state that the "Moniteur," which forms a day. It should be remembered, that in those days collection of more than 100 volumes, is furnished the largest journal was no bigger than a quarto to all the higher functionaries of the state, and is sheet, and that charades and rebusses were then constantly referred to, not merely in France, but in more in vogue than political disquisitions. It was It is the best repertory in such a season as this that Bertin the elder purevery civilized country. of contemporaneous history, and complete copies chased for 20,000 francs, or £800, of Baudoin, of it are therefore very rare, and always fetch a the printer, the name and copyright of a "Journal d'Annonces." With the sagacity of a man of high price. profound sense, M. Bertin soon perceived that the journal of which he had become the proprietor ought neither to resemble the journals of the ancient regime, such as the "Mercure de France,' of which we have already spoken, nor the journals of the revolution, such as the "Orateur du Peuple," formerly conducted by Dussault, of whom more anon, nor the journal, reeking with blood, of the cowardly Hebert, called the " Père Duchesne." The "Mercure de France," though supported by Marmontel, and the beaux esprits of the court, was but a pale reflection of the inane vanity and emptiness of the old monarchy. But the journal of the "Père Duchesne" was the very image of the blood and fury and worst democratic drunkenness of the revolution. Such journals as either the one or the other were impossible, under a strong and intelligent government. Neither as consul nor as emperor, had Napoleon permitted their existence; and even though he had, the nation would not have long supported it. It was a difficult task to hit the betwixt wind and water," to use the familhouse" iar phrase of Burke, in speaking of the wonderful success of the wonderful Charles Townshend in the house of commons, and no less difficult was it for M. Bertin to hit the will of the emperor, and the humor, whim, and caprice of the good people of Paris. It was, indeed, an up-hill task to make Bertin the elder was a man of large and liberala journal palatable to a successful soldier, who had views, intelligent, instructed not merely in letters, but in politics and legislation—a man of the world, in the best sense, generous, indulgent, and great, not only in accomplishments of the mind, but what is rarer, and better, in virtues of the heart. During the emigration, Monsieur,, afterwards Louis XVIII., had a species of Moniteur of his own, under the title of "Journal de Monsieur," in which the Abbés Royon and Geoffroy, the latter afterwards so celebrated as the feuilletonist of the "Débats," both wrote; but this paper necessarily expired the moment his majesty landed on the French soil. The Abbé Geoffroy, indeed, played an important literary part after the Restoration; but before we speak of him, it will be necessary that we should enter into the history of that journal, which he rendered so celebrated by his criticisms. In so doing, it is indispensable that we should speak somewhat at length of the very remarkable founders of the "Journal des Débats," the MM. Bertin. These two brothers, François Bertin the elder, and Louis Bertin, commonly called Bertin de Vaux, were the men who first elevated journalism in France into a power in the state, and made of newspapers a great instrument, either for good or for evil. François was the elder brother of the two, and continued till the period of his death" Rédacteur en chef and Gérant" of the Louis, the other brother, "Journal des Débats." after having been fifteen years a member of the Chamber of Deputies was, soon after the Revolution of 1830, sent ambassador to Holland, and elevated to the Chamber of Peers. made himself emperor, and who desired that neither his laws nor his victories might be discussed or criticised. And nearly as difficult was it to conciliate the good will and favorable attention of a people accustomed to the rank and strong diaBertin de Vaux, his brother, was an active, inde-tribes of the democrats. Any other man than fatigable man of business, and at the same time a distinguished and spirited writer, and a scholar of no mean pretensions, especially in classical literature. Both these remarkable men were born at Paris, of a rich and respectable family. Their father, who was secretary to the Duke de Choiseul, premier of Bertin the elder would have given the task up in despair-but the word "despair" was no more to be found in his vocabulary than the word "impos sible" in the vocabulary of the emperor. To create a journal without freedom of speech were indeed hopeless. M. Bertin spoke, therefore, freely, but |