victors, and we recognize the means which made them so; and these we would eschew for the future. We know, indeed, that he who was the life and soul of the present agitation was driven into this course by no vanity, no love of praise, no ambition, but simply by an earnest purpose and a business-like desire to effect a practical remedy of a positive evil; but we do not know that there were not others who took it up, not from any absorbing devotion to free trade, but from interest, ambition, and love of excitement. In all great popular movements there will be two classes of men-the one anxious to make the agitation sub-ecutive in the elections by the centralization of apservient to the cause they advocate, the other only studious of making the cause subservient to the agitation. As popular movements increase, this latter class will increase also. England will be filled by provincial associations and roving rhetoricians. Every new grievance will give birth to a new society, and every society will diffuse its countless pamphlets and its unprincipled lecturers. This will be an evil. But it will not be the only one. Two greater evils can be conceived to be not improbable. The one is, that of collision between the people out of doors and the parliament within; the other, that of a capitulation signed by a minister in the eleventh hour, at the expense of a party long deluded into confidence, and the sacrifice of principles long professed with obstinacy. The one would be tantamount to a civil war, the other, to a destruction of public faith. May many years elapse before England witnesses either of these great calamities!-Times, 4th July.

France the strict observance of constitut.onal forms which the practice and precedents of a century have made possible in England, will probably be found adhering more closely to such a policy as a constitutional minister ought to pursue. From the majority obtained by the French ministers in the late division in the Chamber of Deputies, it does not follow that they will be equally strong after the elections. When we consider, however, how much of Guizot's strength is attributable to his success in creating an impression that he is a safe minister, the great influence exercised by the expointments, the pacific policy of the king, and the growing importance of the industrial interests, it is scarcely conceivable that the conservative party, the party of the peace minister, can be materially weakened.-Spectator.

GUIZOT AND THIERS.

POPE Gregory the Sixteenth departed this life on Monday the 1st of June. He had long labored under a chronic affection in the legs, in consequence of his habit of remaining during the greater part of the day seated at his desk; and it is reported that the more immediate cause of death was a surgical operation performed on one of his legs, which produced violent inflammation, and terminated fatally in a few days.

The Journal des Débats gives the following particulars of his late Holiness:

"Mauro Capellari was born at Belluno, on the 18th September, 1765. A Camaldolite monk, Capellari had rendered himself celebrated in his order by his ecclesiastical science and his deep knowledge of the ancient and modern languages of the east. A reputation of doctrine and of regularity which had spread beyond the cloister, and the general regard entertained for his character, had secured to the humble monk, long before he was summoned to the Sacred College, a consideration equal to that of the princes of the church. In March, 1825, Leo the Twelfth raised him to the dignity of a cardinal; and soon after, he was placed at the head of the vast and important administration of the Propaganda, for which, by his African and Asiatic erudition, he was especially suited; and the talents he displayed in it confirmed his great reputation for capacity. In the conclave of 1828, Mauro Capellari was one of the cardinals most favored by public opinion, and most violently opposed, in the conclave, by what is called the Austrian party. In the conclave of 1831, Cardinal Pacca, who was supported by that party, the leader of which was Cardinal Albani, had obtained nineteen votes at the ballot before last, and Cardinal Capellari twenty-six; but at the last ballot six or seven votes escaped Cardinal Albani's influence, and Cardinal Capellari obtained the majority. He had been elected Pope on the 2d of February, 1831; and ascended the pontifical throne under the name of Gregory the Sixteenth."

THE French Chambers are much employed in preparation for the general election, which is expected to take place about the beginning of August. The ministerial strength has been tried, and not found wanting. The great speeches of Guizot and Thiers were electioneering speechesannouncements of the grounds on which the rivals are preparing to appeal to the constituencies throughout France. As orators, Guizot and Thiers are not unequal, though very dissimilar widely different, both are effective. As statesmen, they perhaps approach more closely than would at first sight appear; both are literary men still more than men of action. This feature, however, is most obvious in Thiers: in him the brilliant and the love of the brilliant predominate, and impart an unreal character to his programmes of policy; he speaks for effect, and says what he thinks will produce an effect at the moment; hence his speech of this year often contradicts that of last year. Affecting the reputation of a dexterous intriguer and daring performer of coups d' état, he is ambitious of being that of which he is only fitted to be the historian or panegyrist. Men admire, but distrust him. With less of brilliancy and more of sentiment, a just estimate of his own powers has made Guizot take a very different line: he is at pains to be consistent and plausible; though the littérateur predominates over the statesman in him equally as in Thiers, he knows better how to act the statesman's rôle. There is on the whole, too, more of sincerity in Guizot than in Thiers. It is the cue of the latter at present to be the leader of a constitutional party: but he is not the man to allow forms to stand in the way of his ambition. Guizot, on the contrary, too clear-sighted to attempt in the young constitutional government of | sion.

Cardinal de la Tour d'Auvergne is to proceed forthwith to Rome, to attend the conclave of the Sacred College, which is to assemble immediately, to elect a new pope. At the election of popes, three powers-namely, Austria, France, and Spain have each the privilege of annulling the first election, should the choice of the Sacred College be disagreeable to them. Cardinal de la Tour d'Auvergne will exercise this power in the name of the French government. It is understood that Spain will act in concert with France on this occa

66

From the Athenæum.

CORAL FISHERY.

THERE is no port on the Bay of Naples which presents so bustling a scene at this season of the year as Torre del Greco. Hundreds, I may say thousands, of mariners are now here, assembled from various parts of the coast, dressed out in their rich Phrygian caps and scarlet sashes, ready to start for the coral fishery. At last, the weather begins to brighten-the tempestuous sirocco and the roystering tramontana retire within their caves; and, a favorable breeze springing up, soon they are upon the Mediterranean flote," in little detachments according to their destination. What lamentations may then be heard amongst mothers, or wives, or sweethearts, who have thronged down to Torre to take a last farewell! But courage!a mass has been said, or a candle offered to the Madonna; and now, to complete the "buoni augurij," these loving companions throw a handful of sand after the receding bark-exclaiming, "Possa andare come una nave degli angeli." Having lately been in the midst of these scenes, and interested myself in the details of this profitable branch of commerce, I send you what may be called the statistics of the coral fishery.

The coral fishery is a source of more profit than is, perhaps, generally known; and is attended with hardships, the bare thought of which might diminish some of that natural vanity with which the fair one contemplates the glowing ornaments that repose upon and contrast with her white bosom. I was standing on the marina, when I witnessed such a scene as I have described-a party of gaily-dressed mariners, accompanied by women weeping and wailing as our northern females know not how to do. Their short and simple story was soon learnt; and the particulars I now send you as the result of my inquiries.

destination is nearer home. Each man receives from 20 to 40 ducats, according to his age or skill, for the whole voyage; whilst the captain receives from 150 to 400 ducats-reckoning 6 ducats to 17. sterling. These preliminaries being settled, let us imagine them now on full wing-some for the coast of Barbary, and others for that of Sardinia, or Leghorn, or Civita Vecchia, or the Islands of Capri, San Pietro, or Ventotene, near which I have often seen them, hour after hour, and day after day, dragging for the treasures of the vasty deep. On arriving at the port nearest to the spot where they mean to fish, the "carte" are sent in to the consul; which they are compelled to take again on return. A piastre is paid by each vessel for the magic endorsement of his excellenza-another to the druggist, and another to the medical man; whilst the captain, to strengthen his power, and to secure indemnity in case of some of those gentle excesses which bilious captains are sometimes apt to commit, has generally on board some private "regalo" for his consul. The next morning perhaps they push out to sea, and commence operations; not to return that evening, or the next, or the next, but to remain at sea for a fortnight or a month at a time, working night and day without intermission. The more humane captains allow half their crews to repose from Ave Maria to midnight, and the other half from midnight to the break of day; others allow only two hours' repose at a time; whilst some, again, allow no regular time ;-" so that," said a poor mariner to me, "we sleep as we can, either standing, or as we haul in the nets. Nor do they fare better than they sleep for the whole time they have nothing

ings which go far to justify the description given to me of this service by one engaged in it, as being an "inferno terrestre.

literally nothing-but biscuit and water; whilst the captain, as a privileged person, has his dish of dried beans or haricots boiled. Should they, however, have a run of good luck, and put into port once in 15 days or so, they are indulged with a feast of maccaroni. These privations make it rather Torre is the principal port in the south of Italy rough work, it must be confessed, for a marinerfor the vessels engaged in the coral fishery-about especially when it is remembered that it lasts seven 200 vessels setting out from hence every year. They months; but if to this be added the brutality of the have generally a tonnage of from 7 to 14 tons, and captains, whose tyranny and cruelty, as I have carry from 8 to 12 hands; so that about 2,000 men heard, exceeds anything that has ever been recountare engaged in this trade—and, in case of an emer-ed to me before, we have a combination of suffergency, would form a famous corps de reserve. They generally consist of the young and hardy and adventurous, or else the wretchedly poor; for it is only the bold spirit of youth, or the extreme misery of the married man, which would send them forth upon this service. For two or three months previous to the commencement of the season, many a wretched mariner leaves his starving family, and, as a last resource, sells himself to the proprietor of one or other of these barks; receiving a caparra, (earnestmoney,) with which he returns to his home. This, perhaps, is soon dissipated, and he again returns and receives an addition to his caparra; so that, when the time of final departure arrives, it not unfrequently happens that the whole of his scanty pay has been consumed, and the improvident or unhappy rogue has some months of hard labor in prospect, without the hope of another grano of compensation. Nor does the proprietor run any risk in making this prepayment; for as the mariner can make no engagement without presenting his passport perfectly en règle, he is under the surveillance of a vigilant police. The agreement between the parties is made from the month of March to the Feast of San Michaele (29th September) for vessels destined for the Barbary coast-and from March to the Feast of the Madonna del Rosario (October 2) for those whose

Now let us view them at work. Every vessel carries about 12 contaj (a contaio being 200 pounds) of hemp to make the nets, which are changed every week. They are about 7 or 10 palmi in width, and 100 or 120 palmi in length-worked very loosely, and with large meshes. On being thrown into the sea, the vessel is put before the wind, or else propelled by oars, until these loosely-formed nets have fastened upon a rock. Then comes the tug of war. If they have great good fortune, they will take a piece of 2 or rotoli at a haul, (a rotolo being 33 ounces,) though this is a rare occurrence. In its natural state, the coral is either white or red, or even black externally, from the action of the sea. The white is very rare and very precious; comparatively a small quantity being sufficient to make a good voyage-especially if it be taken "ingrosso," when it will fetch as high as 100 ducati, or more, the rotolo. The red "a minuto" is not very valuable; but if it is "scelta" and "ingrosso," it can be sold for from 25 up to 60 ducati the rotolo. As a rule, however, the round-shaped coral is much more valuable than the tree or the spiral coral.

Full fathoms five thy father lies;
Of his bones are coral made-

fusion of ideas in Mr. Hans Christian Andersen. His whales and his little fish all talk in character. We are not sure that we ourselves, after reading So sang Ariel; without, I suppose, intending to lay his book, could not have talked at pleasure like down any rule as to the depth at which coral may sharks, minnows, mermaids, bulls, ducks, or green be found. Indeed, it is found at all depths, from 12 peas. For his vegetables have as much conver to 16 palmi up to 150, or even more. At last, ar-sational character as his ducks and geese. Nay, rives the Feast of San Michaele, or of the Madonna his very peg-tops and balls are full of individuality. del Rosario. As soon as the day dawns, the nets There is a pathetic Daisy, (in his story of that are slackened; no man will work more, even if trea- name,) who is quite a "sweet creature" for the sures are in prospect. So, pushing into land, and pastoral beauty of her tongue; and in another taking up their "carte," away they set on their re-story there is a Leather Ball of so aristocratical turn-many as poor as when they departed; some a character, that when proposals are made to her with a few ducats in "sacco," and a new Phrygian by a Peg-Top because they happen to have been cap, or dashing sash, or some article of finery, for companions in the same drawer, she indignantly the "innamorata"-all, however, being thoroughly asks him whether he is aware that her "father tired out, and injured perhaps in constitution. The and mother were morocco slippers," and that she cargo being deposited in the "magazzin" of the has" cork in her body." merchant, is sold out to the retail merchants, who We are here however, it may be said, confusing flock in from Naples and elsewhere; and is soon the specific and the superinduced character. Mr. transformed into numerous articles of ornament or Anderson keeps all clear. He has so just a sense superstition-crosses, amulets, necklaces and brace-of the necessity of adhering to verisimilitude, and

lets. And now, these mariners have a long repose, till the spring comes round and sends them out again on this odious service-though there are very few who make two or three consecutive voyages of this nature. Many vessels are lost in the season; owing to their long-continued exposure to all kinds of weather, and to their lying in amongst the coral reefs. However prosperous the voyage, life aboard the vessels " è la vita d'uno cane. Yet the service may be regarded as one of the most important in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies; as well for the wealth it annually brings in, as also for the school it offers for training hardy, well-disciplined

mariners.

From the Examiner.

Danish Fairy Legends and Tales. By HANS
CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN. Pickering.

of the forgetfulness of it on the part of writers in general, that he introduces one of his stories with a remark that ought to become proverbial: "In China, the emperor is Chinese."

Some of his descriptive touches recall the wonderful observation and exquisitely graphic felicity of Mr. Dickens. There is a wretched little hut in the tale of the Ugly Duckling, 66 so wretched that it knew not on which side to fall, and therefore remained standing."

Admirable is the picture of the stork, parading about on his long red legs, "discoursing in Egyp tian, which language he had learned from his mother." Who does not feel that Egyptian is the very language that, by way of accomplishment, a stork would know? The touches of this kind are innumerable.

some of the stories are too long. But the genius and refinement are undeniable.

The fault of the book (if we must find one) is, that all the stories have too much meaning; that they overflow with intention and moral; not THIS is a charming little book of fairy tales, and always obviously, sometimes obscurely, but still excellently well translated. But why the tales with incessant intelligence. You desire occasionshould be called Danish, we do not perceive; ex-ally something more childish and less clever. And cept inasmuch as a Dane is the author. There is an occasional northern coloring, but only so far as it could not be helped. All the rest is so free from everything national or exclusive, that we do not remember to have met with any production so given up to a sense of the variety of being that exists in the universe. At times it is even painfully so. We have so strong a sense given us of the feelings of ducks and ducklings; of swans and storks; of mermen and mermaidens; of nightingales, flowers, and daisies; even of slugs and cuttle-fish; and of what all sorts of animated creatures round about us, think, do, and might say if they could speak; that one's consciousness as a human being almost becomes lost in the crowd. We begin to feel as Mrs. Gulliver did, when her husband returned from Houynhum land; and think we might as well take to being of a different species.

We need not say that it implies a rare and surprising art to convey such impressions as these. When Johnson laughed at Goldsmith for thinking of writing a story in which "little fish" should be the actors, the author of Animated Nature very properly told him that it was not so easy a matter as he thought it; and that if he (Johnson) were to write such a story, he would make his little fish talk like "great whales." There is no such con

We must give an extract, and are somewhat at a loss, so many of the tales have such strong claims. But with all the fairy fancy of the volume in general, perhaps the best story nevertheless is that which is least fairy-like. It is called the Emperor's New Clothes; and is so admirable an illus tration of the spirit of Humbug, and of the way in which the great and small vulgar agree to cant about what they do not believe, that we are tempted to give it entire.

THE EMPEROR'S NEW CLOTHES.

"Many years ago there was an emperor, who was so excessively fond of new clothes that he spent all his money in dress. He did not trouble himself in the least about his soldiers; nor did he care to go either to the theatre or the chase, except for the opportunities then afforded him for displaying his new clothes. He had a different suit for each hour of the day; and as of any other king or emperor, one is accustomed to say, He is sitting in council,' it was always said of him, The emperor is sitting in his wardrobe.'

"Time passed away merrily in the large town which was his capital; strangers arrived every day at the court. One day, two rogues, calling them

"I should like to know how the weavers are "I certainly am not stupid!' thought the getting on with my cloth,' said the emperor to him- messenger. It must be, that I am not fit for my self, after some little time had elapsed; he was, good, profitable office! That is very odd; howhowever, rather embarrassed, when he remem-ever, no one shall know anything about it.' And bered that a simpleton, or one unfit for his office, accordingly he praised the stuff he could not see, would be unable to see the manufacture. To be and declared that he was delighted with both sure,' he thought, he had nothing to risk in his colors and patterns. Indeed, please your imown person; but yet he would prefer sending perial majesty,' said he to his sovereign, when he somebody else to bring him intelligence about the returned, the cloth which the weavers are preweavers and their work before he troubled himself paring is extraordinarily magnificent.' in the affair.' All the people throughout the city had heard of the wonderful property the cloth was to possess; and all were anxious to learn how wise, or how ignorant their neighbors might prove to be.

"So now the emperor walked under his high canopy in the midst of the procession, through the streets of his capitol, and all the people standing by, and those at the windows, cried out, 'Oh, how beautiful are our emperor's new clothes! what a magnificent train there is to the mantle; and how gracefully the scarf hangs!" in short, no one It is curious to turn over its pages, studded with would allow that he could not see these much-ad- these numberless graphic figures, and see at a mired clothes, because in doing so he would have glance the preposterous changes of fashion. The declared himself either a simpleton, or unfit for rude Briton or Saxon melting into the sumptuous his office. Certainly, none of the emperor's vari-Norman; ruffs and puffs becoming cocked hats ous suits had ever made so great an impression as these invisible ones.

and waistcoats; stomachers, starch, and farthingales, waxing and waning through all the varieties "But the emperor has nothing at all on!' of dishabilles, hoop petticoats, curls and pomatum, said a little child. Listen to the voice of inno-flounce and furbelow. Mr Fairholt is extremely cence!' exclaimed his father; and what the child amusing when he gets near to our own time, and had said was whispered from one to another. his quotations are always lively and to the purpose. But how came he to forget the exquisite description by Dryden of the beau of his day? It is quite a master-piece of humor as well (we doubt not) as of accurate painting.

"But he has nothing at all on!' at last cried out all the people. The emperor was vexed, for he knew that the people were right; but he thought the procession must go on now! And the lords of the bed-chamber took greater pains than ever to appear holding up a train, although, in" His various modes from various fathers follow; reality, there was no train to hold." One taught the toss, and one the new French wallow;