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an old man in his dotage, or like those individuals | Beauty that shrinks from every gaze but one: who, after severe fevers, forget some of the languages they have acquired, or make themselves

Ah! for the dear delight,
The music of thy sight,

intelligible through a new jargon of English, I yield the day, the lonely day, and live for night French, and Latin phrases.

alone.

II.

It is no grief that, in the night hour only,
The love that is our solace may be sought;
Day mocks the soul that is in rapture lonely,
And voices break the spell with sorrow fraught;

And still around us that subduing hush,
As of some brooding wing, ordained to love us,
That spells the troubled soul and soothes its
gush;

Griefs

But it may be asked-if the lower animals thus make use of a vocal language, are those to whom it is addressed at all times capable of interpreting its meaning? The well-known habits of gregarious animals, in our opinion, ought to answer this question. Every individual in a herd of wild hor-Better that single, silent star above us, ses or deer, most perfectly understands every gesture and sound of the watch or leader, which is stationed for the general safety. Nor is such understanding altogether instinctive, but a process of training and tuition quite analogous to what takes place in our own case. Farther, the speech, if we may so call it, of one animal is not only understood by the animals of its own class, but in a great measure by the other animals that are in the habit of frequenting the same localities. Thus the chaffinch, which discovers the sparrow-hawk sailing above, instantly utters a note of alarm—a note known not only to other chaffinches, but understood and acted upon by all others of the feathered race within hearing. The suspension of every song, the rustling into the thicket beneath, the sly cowering into the first recess, or the clamor of impotent rage, abundantly attests how well they have interpreted the original note of alarm. But if all other evidence were wanting of the capacity of the lower animals to interpret other voices than their own, the fact that many of them learn to interpret human words, and to distinguish human voices, would be sufficient attestation. Thus the young horse taken from the hills, learns in a few months to discriminate the words spoken to him by his driver; and so do the ox, the dog, and other domesticated animals. This comprehension of vocal sounds evidently implies a sense of language a sense that, on their part also, the cxpression of certain sounds will meet with a cer- A cry of death and terror to the foe;

Shadows that still beguile,

Sorrows that wear a smile,

that in dear delusions lead away-
And O! that whispering tone,
Breathed, heard, by one alone,

That, as it dies-a wordless sound-speaks more
than words can say.

tain interpretation.

Here is a martial melody, in which the poet has spoken truly of the inflammable temperament of our population.

66

"WELL, LET THEM SING THEIR HEROES."

I.

Well, let them sing their heroes' deeds of fame,
Their belted warriors great in souls of might,
We too have gallant chiefs we joy to name,
Mighty in spirit, fearless in the fight;
There's not a spot in all this land of ours,
From Ashley's wave to Apalachia's steep,
Though smiling now with green, and gay with
flowers,
has not seen the charging squadrons
sweep;

That

That has not heard the cry,

Peal in the blood-red sky,

That has not seen the strife
For liberty and life,

and sudden blow.

Such is the language of the lower animals; limited, no doubt, when compared with that of the The dread alarm, the gallant charge, sharp shot human race; yet all-sufficient for their wants, and only inferior because not combined with that higher intelligence which, after all, forms the true distinction between man and his fellows of the animal creation.

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II.

And if the peace that blossoms through our land,
The boon of valor won from matchless hate,
Be once again by foreign legions bann'd,

And all the terror that was triumph late;
Then shall the spirit of old days awaken,
And through our plains the glorious cry shall
spread :

The

share thrown by, the sword again be taken And plumed war bestride his battle steed: The soul of Sumter then,

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"And from his mountain heights old Pickens dart
again.
Eve. Post.

Would need a soothing day has never known;
Come like those stars upon the night-cloud shining,
And bless me with a beauty all thine own.
Beauty of songs and tears,
And blessed tremulous fears-

WHOM TO LOOK TO.-There are six sorts of people at whose hands you need not expect much kindness. The sordid and narrow-minded think of nobody but themselves; the lazy will not take the trouble to serve you; the busy have not time to think of you; the overgrown rich man is above minding any one who needs his assistance; the poor and unhappy have neither spirit nor ability; the good-natured fool, however willing, is not capable of serving you.-Burgh.

THE THREE FRIENDS.

THERE were three friends-that is to say
They were men meeting every day;
Grasping each other's hands with earnest pressure
Upon the mart, or in the hours of leisure.

The eldest had a large and finely-tempered heart, Thought a few thoughts in which the world had not a part.

And as the mountains are the first to win
A dawning glory ere the day begin,
He saw to trace his life-chart on a plan
Of simple grandeur meet for such a man.

His acts oft puzzled worldlings, who, you know,
Bat-like, are blinded by the noonday glow
Of deeds to which they cannot find the clue
Of double motive or a selfish view.

And yet as mountain sun-crowns downwards creep,
Till o'er the plain the generous day-beams sweep,
So from the height of his great soul were caught
Some peerless lessons by example taught.

"But," says the reader, "to these three great friends,

I cannot see which way your story tends."
Patience; and yet, perchance, when all is told
Meaning or moral you may not behold!
Of station, fortune, equal all had been,
But to the younger two came losses unforeseen.
Generous and prompt, the first with open hand
Made free his fortune to their joint command:
Saying, "It is a gift or loan, it matters not,
According to the chances of your future lot."
A test of friendship bravely, nobly borne ;
But though the theme be much less trite and worn,
It is almost as hard-I own not quite-
To take with grace, as to bestow aright,
Favors like this; which try mind metal more
Than shielding life with life amid the battle's roar.

One was profuse of thanks; yet you might see
He bit his lip half-peevishly,

And to his cheeks the chafed and feverish blood
Sent fitfully its tell-tale flood.

The other said, "God bless thee!" fervently;
"God knows, I would have done the same for
thee."

And several signs stood out in strong relief
To mark the twain; but, to be brief,
The one a slave, in struggling to escape,
Broke up his household gods of every shape,

To melt them-in his heart-into one figure rude
Of monstrous mien, which he called Gratitude;
Until, self-tortured by his hideous guest,
Day brought no peace, and night no rest!
The other one walked upright as when he
First knew his friend in all equality.
There was no servile crouching; no revoke
Of differing thoughts he once had freely spoke
(For e'en as discords harmony may make,
So kindred minds some different views may take.)
The only chain the gold 'twixt them had wrought,
Drew them more near, and dearer friendship
brought.

"God knows, I would have done the same for thee !"'

"I know he would have done as much for me!"
Was felt-not said-by each respectively.
An unsung music to themselves most dear,
As one may silent read a page, not hear.

The writhing slave knew nought of such sweet
peace;

His visits shorten, and at last they cease.

As for the lender, if his thoughts be told,
He mourns to lose a friend, and not his gold.
Unto the other once he said, "Your words are true.
You 've tested me; but I have tested you!
It pains my heart to know he could not comprehend
The rights and pleasures of a faithful friend.”
"It chances," said the third," that you and I
Do understand each other perfectly.
But frankly tell me, do not you opine
That, out of every hundred, ninety-nine
Of poor mankind do not know how

Either t' accept a favor, or a boon bestow?
No matter what on Friendship's shrine the oblation,
They shrink in horror from an obligation!
So little are the ties of brotherhood

Between earth's children understood;

So few who seem such thoughts to understand,
With whom I know such bonds might be,
That I could count, upon the fingers of one hand,
And give or take all equally.

Without disturbance of our self-respect,
Or some regret the curious might detect."
"'Tis very sad!" the first one sighing cried;
"God's gifts we most unequally divide,
How shall we teach one human brotherhood?"
"Trust God! and trust the might of doing good!"
The other answered. "There's a dawn draws

near;

(May eyes grow stronger ere the noon appear,
For some I know that not e'en now can bear
Truth's struggling beams that pierce this murky
air!)

Why, 'tis a wholesome sign, you will aver.
That even you and I can thus confer!"
Camilla Toulmin.

A BACCHANALIAN SONG.
(DEDICATED TO FATHER MATHEW.)

To be adapted and sung to the tune of "Hunting the Hare," with accompaniments by the drum and Pandean pipes.

Toss your tipple off, roystering jolly boys,
Fill the tumbler, and empty the go;
Ne'er the consequence heed of your folly, boys—
Beggary, ruin, disease and woe,

Delirium tremens, and gout, and Dyspepsia,
Febris and icterus, pthisis, decline,
Marasmas and Megrims, confirmed Epilepsia,-
But pass round the bottle and drink up your
wine.

Erysipelas, elephantiasis,

Don't regard, my good fellows, a fig; Impetigo, lichen, psoriasis,

Though they may lurk in each draught that you swig.

Eczema, lepra, and all the variety

Of acne that Willan's nosology shows, Shall never make us, lads, avoid inebrietyWhy, what if I do spoil the look of my nose? Hæmatemesis, hydrops, and tetanus,

Though we shall probably have them some day, Ne'er let us mind, whilst as yet they but threaten

US

Let us be merry, and drink whilst we may. Come apoplexia, mania, paralysis!

Of these and all other complaints we'll make

light;

And, happy and jovial as kings in their palaces, Though we suffer to-morrow, get tipsy to-night.

WAGERS.

From Chambers' Journal.

THERE are three leading kinds of wagersthose designed to settle a difference of opinion on a question of fact, those speculating merely upon a doubtful future event, and those in which some feat is undertaken under a forfeiture. All are alike contrary to rationality. It may even be said of some wagers that they are immoral. For instance, the second of the above classes is merely a variety of gambling, and therefore not one word can be said in its favor. Those, again, which involve danger to the person of one or other of the parties are utterly indefensible.

There are some things in the history of this absurd practice worthy of being noted. Casuists and legislators have differed very much as to the way in which betting should be regarded in public policy. The general inference to be drawn from the various arguments adduced on both sides of the question is, that it is lawful, unless the object of it bear upon private wishes or criminal actions. As, for example, when, having wagered that such a person will die at such a time, the desire of winning, and the fear of losing, makes the bettor desire, or perhaps hasten, the death of that person; or when the wager is to be won by either the commission of crimes, or the causing others to commit them.

Titia and the law Cornelia, to bet upon the success of unlawful games, or of any game whatever, address, and bodily strength were to be tested; with the exception of those in which courage, in which case the bettors were accustomed to place in the hands of a third party the signet rings which This deposit, which held the place of a stipulation, they wore on their fingers, as a gage or pledge. rendered the wager obligatory, and produced an action at law; which proves that consignment is absolutely necessary to make the engagement valid. The terms consignment and wager are used indifferently by lawyers. The etymology of the word wager, or gager, which comes from gage, ventions, unless the gage has been deposited. shows that wagers are not considered serious con

However, where address and bodily strength are concerned, the wager is obligatory, even though the gage has not been deposited: and this is the exception to the rule; for the gage or stake is properly the reward of the address and danger incurred by the subject of the wager. Thus the Count de in his wager against the Duke de

consigned, would, if he had lived, have had an (which he won,) even though he had not action against his adversary. In ancient Greece, the count would have borne away the prize in the horse-race at the Olympic games. The following is the history of this wager:

The count betted 10,000 crowns against the There are other examples of unlawful wagers duke, that in six. hours he would go twice, and in which injustice and fraud are included. Injus- back again, from the Porte St. Denis to Chantilly. tice, when, of two bettors, the one is certain, the He had his whole body tightly bandaged round, other uncertain of winning; fraud, when a party and a leaden bullet in his mouth to refresh him, engages, by evil means, or by equivoques in terms by keeping up a supply of moisture. Relays of or intention, to perform any action-as in the cele- horses were disposed from space to space, and brated wager of Cleopatra with Mark Anthony. every embarrassment prevented that might in the Cleopatra invites Anthony to supper, and wagers least retard his progress. The swiftest horses that she alone will eat, at one meal, a sum equal were chosen. A clock was attached to the Porte to 80,7291. 3s. 4d. Anthony, seeing nothing ex- St. Denis, to mark the time. He set out with the traordinary, begins to rally the queen on the fru- speed of an arrow, and in a moment was out of gality of her table. She makes no reply, but sight. Never did man cleave the air with such detaches from her ears two pearls of great price, rapidity. On arriving at each relay, without alightone of which she throws into a liquor prepared for ing, he sprang from one horse on to the other, and the purpose, by which it is speedily dissolved, continued his flight. He arrived at the Porte St. and swallows it in the presence of Munatius Plau-Denis, having performed his four courses eighteen cus, the chosen arbiter of the wager; and as she is about to do the same with the other pearl, Plaucos snatches it away, exclaiming that she had already won.

The wager of Asclepiades the physician was not less extravagant. He wagered against fortune that he would never be ill during his life, under penalty of losing the reputation he had acquired of being the most famous physician of his time. It is true that he won his wager; for in fact he never was ill while he lived, having died from a fall in extreme old age.

In several states we find that various kinds of

wagers are prohibited, some of which are of very little consequence. At Rome it is unlawful to make wagers on the death or exaltation of the popes, and on the promotion of the cardinals. In several republics it is also forbidden, under heavy penalties, to make wagers without the permission of the magistrate; at Venice, on the election of persons to fill the public offices; at Genoa, on the revolutions of states and kingdoms, the success of military expeditions, purposed marriages, and the departure or arrival of vessels. Bugnion mentions an act of parliament of Paris of 1565, which made it unlawful to make a pregnant female the subject of a wager.

In ancient Rome it was forbidden, by the law

minutes before the appointed time! He said he was still able to go to Versailles, to bring the king tidings of his success. All bathed in perspiration, afterwards, died from the effects of this effort. he was put into a warm bed, and, five months This nobleman, remarks the narrator of his exploit, deserves no praise for having run such a race. All that can be said of him is, that he would have made the best post-boy in the world.

of which was the cause of great excitement at the Another wager may be mentioned, the wildness time it was made.

if the flood-gates of heaven were opened. All the
The year 1726 was so rainy, that it seemed as
rivers overflowed their banks, to the great preju-
dice of commerce. There were some superstitious
risian banker named Bulliot having remarked that
persons who announced a second deluge. A Pa-
it had rained excessively on St. Gervais' day, (19th
June,) persuaded himself that it would continue to
rain for forty days. The motive of this opinion
was a proverb current among the people:

S'il pleut le jour de St. Gervais,
Il pleut quarante jours après.*

*If it rain on St. Gervais' day, it will rain for forty days afterwards.

Infatuated by this opinion, and being on that | The comedians, ever alive to the whim of the hour, day in the Café de la Regence, near the Palais acted him in the several theatres. Royal, he entered into conversation with some At length, in spite of the proverb, the windows persons on the subject of the incessant inundations of heaven were closed before the expiration of the which were destroying the hopes of a good harvest, forty days. The coffee-house keeper and the other and exciting apprehensions of a very great rise in depositaries accordingly gave up the stakes to those the price of corn. Bulliot observed that there who had won. The bearers of the bills and letters would be more cause for alarm if the rains con- of exchange had not the same luck. Bulliot's relatinued for forty days longer, and that he was tives caused him to be interdicted as a prodigal. ready to wager that this misfortune was inevitable. This evil prognostic was but badly received by those present, who inquired upon what he founded it. "I am sure of it," he confidently replied. "Let any one bet against me; I am ready to put down my stake." He then threw some louis upon a table, to excite the curious, and defy the incredulous. As his speech was not very sensible, several persons refused to enter the lists against him: but others, more interested, flattered by the hope of winning, put down stakes to the same amount as he did. The money was deposited in the hands of the coffee-house keeper, and the wager registered in the following terms: -"If it rain little or much during forty days from St. Gervais' day, Bulliot has won; if it discontinue raining even for one single day during the forty days, Bulliot has lost."

Several of the bettors, unwilling to engage themselves in a lawsuit of such doubtful event, returned their bills and letters of exchange; others, more avaricious, embarked upon the stormy sea of the courts. The suit, which was first brought to the Chatelet, came at length before the parliament. The bettors, wishing to put the best face possible upon their claim, said nothing about the wager. They only represented that they were merchants, who had accepted the bills in question with confidence, on account of the established credit of Bulliot, who had hitherto satisfied all his creditors; that, to oppose to their claim the interdiction of their debtor, who was not bound by that interdiction at the time of his engagement with them, was to violate the public faith; that, if creditors could be eluded in this way, foreigners would lose all confidence in us; finally, that the good faith of commerce, which is the soul of it, required that the merchants who had given value for those bills. having no reason to distrust Bulliot, should be satisfied. Bulliot's brother, who had been appointed his guardian, made the truth so fully apparent by presumptive proofs and the date of the bills, that, at the end of 1726, a verdict was returned for the defendant, annulling all the wagers.

This wager irritated the cupidity of the whole café, who were eager to appropriate the louis in which Bulliot so abounded; so that, after having staked against all who would bet against him, and after having emptied every purse, he demanded, with a sort of insult, if there were any others ready to oppose him. Believing himself sure of victory, he proposed to those who had no money to stake their gold-headed canes, gold snuff-boxes, and other valuable jewellery; which were duly appraised, and placed in the hands of the same depositary; for all which he put down full value DR. COMBE ON THE OBSERVATION OF NATURE in specie. He even consented that those who had neither money nor jewels should deposit their Holland shirts, against which he also consigned their value in money.

The contagion of this folly having spread abroad, the next day brought a fresh reinforcement of antagonists, who presented themselves at the same café to put down their stakes against Bulliot. But his money being at length exhausted, he offered those new-comers bills payable to the bearer, or letters of exchange. As he was in good repute, and had always honored his engagements, his proposal was accepted. He gave bills and letters of exchange to the amount of nearly 50,000 crowns; all which were likewise deposited. It might be said of Bulliot that he was alone against all, and that if he won, he would make the finest haul in the world; whilst the whole troop of his adversaries would be ruined by the inclemency of the

From Chambers' Journal.

IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE.

IN the British and Foreign Medical Review for January last, the editor, Dr. Forbes, presented an elaborate paper on Homopathy, in which, while treating that novel system more liberally than is customary in the orthodox profession, he made such a number of admissions as to the state of ordinary medicine, as, coming from such a quarter, might well startle the public. We do not propose to say more on this paper at present, than that it meets but too aptly conclusions at which we have long arrived regarding medical practice. Our immediate aim is, to direct attention to a paper which the above has elicited from the pen of Dr. Combe, and which appears in the number of the Review for April. This eminent person, as is his custom, takes the subject at once before the bar of nature. He sees disease to be "a perverted state of a natural organic action, and not a someFame, as usual, added new embellishments to thing thrown into the system by accident, and this story, as she sped it on from ear to ear, obeying no fixed laws. In the cure of disease, through city and court. Every one was anxious to see this extraordinary man. Those who knew him by sight, pointed him out to those who did not. His countenance was attentively observed, and eyes were opened wide upon him. When asked why he was so steadfast in his opinion, he alleged the proverb before mentioned, which the people have adopted more for rhyme than reason.

weather.

therefore," says he, "the business of the physician is not to supersede nature, but carefully to observe what is wrong, and to aid the efforts made by her to reestablish regularity and order. Accordingly, experience shows that the physician and the remedy are useful only when they act in accordance with the laws of the constitution and the intentions of nature; hence in chronic, and A nobleman of high rank jestingly said, that if even in acute diseases, the most effective part of Bulliot won, he should be tried for sorcery; and the treatment is generally the hygienic, or that that if he lost, he should be put in bedlam. In which consists in placing all the organs under the fine, he was the subject of every conversation. mest favorable circumstances for the adequate

DR. COMBE ON THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE.

exercise of their respective functions. If this be done systematically, every effort of nature will be towards the restoration of health; and all that she demands from us in addition, is to remove impediments, and facilitate her acts.'

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The learned physician deplores that his medical brethren, in general, should look so much to what is called active treatment, and so little to hygiène, or the regulation of external conditions. He is not for leaving the patient to the efforts of nature, in the common sense of the phrase; he would take care neither to counteract her own efforts, nor to substitute another method of cure for hers. "So far from sanctioning inactivity on our part, an intelligent reliance on nature implies that we shall exercise, throughout the whole course of disease, the most watchful observation over its phenomena and progress, and not only timously remove obstacles which may interfere with its proper course, but rigidly fulfil all the conditions which a sound physiology shows to be most conducive to the well-being of the various bodily organs, and to In this way their restoration when disordered. the physician may often exercise the most salutary influence, nay, even be the means of saving the patient's life, and yet not give one particle of medicine." It is first necessary that the physician should thoroughly know the laws of the healthy system; then, that he should observe the manner in which the various disturbing causes act upon the different functions, and the kind, course, duration, and termination of the morbid action which they produce; implicitly believing, and having ever present to his mind, that "all the operations and actions of the living body, whether healthy or morbid, take place according to fired and discoverable laws, and that God has left nothing to chance." "forms of disease "That there are," he pursues, in which a determinate nature and course cannot be easily traced, is quite true; but there are many more in which the natural course is as obvious as Take the familiar example of that of the sun. cow-pox, small-pox, fever, or ague. The disease is regulated by fixed laws in such a palpable manner, that every medical book describes, with perfect accuracy, the appearances which each will present on given days of its progress in an average constitution. The same holds with measles, scarlatina, and many other acute affections; and less clearly but still perceptibly enough, with gout, rheumatism, and inflammation. All of these go through a regular course in a shorter or longer time; and when everything goes according to rule, we feel assured that the constitution is safer than where some unusual accident has interrupted the natural progress of events. This, be it observed, is the course towards health which the Creator, in constituting man, considered best for him; and the wisest thing we can do is to act in accordance with it, and seek only to remove impediments. It is not we to whom the cure is entrusted, or by whom it is effected. The Creator has perfected all the arrangements for that purpose, and our sole business ought to be to give these arrangements full play." As an additional Everybody illustration," take even a severe cold, with which or less. all are acquainted more knows that when once set in, treat it how you like, it will run through a determinate course of increase, maturity, and decline; and that all we can do is to shorten a little the duration of its stages by diminishing its intensity, or lengthen it by increasing its severity. Occasionally, it is true,

an incipient cold may be stopped by a 'heroic'
remedy, such as a tumbler of warm punch at bed-
time; but much more frequently the heroics
the common experience of mankind shrinks from
Even a common boil on the fingers
leave the patient worse than they found him, and
their use.
runs through its regular stages of inflammation
and decline, or of suppuration and ulceration, each
stage being hastened or retarded by external or
constitutional causes, but never inverted. But if
we apply to the one stage the means which are
adapted only to the succeeding one, the result
will be injurious; or if we lower the system so
much that it becomes inadequate to carry on the
regular succession of actions required for recovery,
mischief must once more be produced."

Dr. Combe exemplifies this principle in small-
pox and measles. In these cases "the excitement
often runs very high in the first or eruptive stage,
and means are required to moderate it. But if
we bleed too freely, it is well known that the
eruption (which we shall suppose to have come
out) will generally disappear, and increased dan-
ger to life ensue; because the order of nature
being forcibly interrupted, some internal disease
is brought on, or the system sinks exhausted.
Whereas if, instead of bleeding excessively, we
keep the patient very quiet, in a cool, well-aired
room, and administer cooling drinks, mild laxa-
tives or antimonials, and reserve bleeding for cases
of necessity, the probability will be much in favor
of recovery. To apply this to the pleurisy. In-
stead of being intent on cutting it short, the mo-
ment we ascertain its existence, we would have
respect to its natural course and duration, and
regular stages. So far as my observation goes,
reserve our means to carry it safely through its
cures would be more numerous and complete
were this principle followed. If a severe bleeding
disturbs fatally the progress of small-pox eruption,
may it not also, when unseasonably used, injuri
ously influence the course of internal inflammation,
and lead, for instance, to fatal oppression or effu-
sion?"

Dr. Combe counsels no inactive practice; for
"Disease," says he, "arises either
his views, to be fully carried out, would call for
much greater vigilance and care than are usually
bestowed.
from the habits of the individual, from accidental
causes, or from peculiarities of constitution acted
upon by these. Hence, on being called to a pa-
tient, the first step in the natural investigation is
All these
to examine the constitutional qualities, to make
ourselves acquainted with the mode of life, feel-
ings, &c., and to trace the manner in which the
cause has acted or continues to act.
influence very greatly both the nature of the dis-
ease, and its probable course. They also bear di-
If, however, we are content to regard dis-
rectly upon the kind of treatment, and its probable
ease as an entity, arising by chance, and observing.
success.
no laws, we shall have no inducement to trouble-
ourselves or the patient with any of these inquiries..
Such is, in fact, the practical faith of the great
majority of professional men. They discover the
a certain name, and, knowing that in the same.
existence of an entity, which in medical works has
books certain remedies are said to be good for that
entity, they prescribe them accordingly, without
giving themselves much concern about their mode.
of action or fitness for the individual constitution,.
age, or stage of the disease, and without inquiring
whether there is anything in the mode of life tend-

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