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ful, and successful on this account. We do not hesitate to predict that if the investigating committee think proper to examine them, it will find, by contrast, a new illustration of the adage, that well filled vessels make the least noise. Its coffers are filling rapidly, although no company is more prompt in its payments. During 1869 it paid claims by death to the amount of nearly half a million, ($447,781); yet it had a surplus over all liabilities, January 1st, 1870, of over a million and a half, ($1,644,310 00), its total assets at the same date being $6,338,341 00. Nor need the Manhattan be ashamed of its vigorous and spirited offspring, the National Life, (N. Y.) If any doubt this let them compare the work of the latter during the past year with a few of the companies of the same age (1864)—say with the Great Western, the Brooklyn, the Widows' and Orphans' Benefit. Any of these is vastly more pretentious; but not one of them issued so many policies, or gained so many friends. Its assets are now pretty nearly a million, ($743,215), although it paid claims by death during the year to the amount of $32,500 00-which, for so young and modest a company, must be admitted to be a handsome

sum.

But of all our new companies, the Continental, (N. Y.,) has accomplished the most remarkable results. It issued nearly twice as many policies in 1869 as any of several companies which had been doing business years before it more than three times as many as some of them. Everybody knows how loud and tedious is the boasting of Morgan. This gentleman's company commenced operations in 1862; the number of policies it issued in 1869 was 4,172, if so many; whereas the number issued by the Continental was 8,781-more than twice as many. The United States Life commenced in 1850. The number of policies it issued last year was 1,091-less than one-eighth as many as the Continental, established sixteen years later! Let our readers judge from these figures whether our criticisms on former occasions, or our comparisons of different classes of underwriters with each other, were just or otherwise. It is precisely because Messrs. Lawrence, Rogers and Wynkoop are very different men from Messrs. Morgan, Eadie, Bage, Bouck, Scribner, &c., that the former have issued 21,000 policies in less than three years, and accumulated assets to the amount of $3,500,000.

The Commonwealth is as creditable to the Continental as the National is to the Manhattan. The former only commenced business last year. During the nine months, ending December 31, it issued 1,361 policies, insuring $3,406,000. This, however, is not the chief criterion by which we judge what may be expected in the future. Sometimes the worst companies do a large business at the outset, while the best move very slowly. How an insurance company will turn out in the long run depends upon the intelligence, energy and honesty of its officers more than anything else. Hence it was that we did not hesitate to predict, the very first year,

the success of the National and the Continental, because it so happened that we were aware of the long experience, intelligence, energy, and integrity of Edward A. Jones, Jonathan D. Halsey, Justus Lawrence, and J. P. Rogers. For a similar reason we had faith in the Commonwealth; we had little doubt that Mr. Pierpont and his colleagues would accomplish satisfactory résults as life underwriters. Nor were we led to this conclusion solely by our high opinion of the Continental, from whose office that gentleman went forth to take charge of the new company; it may be remembered that we had no such implicit confidence (nor have we now) in a certain other company that claims the same honorable parentage. We were quite as well aware then as we are now, that some children are as different from their parents as darkness is from light, and that some children are equally unlike each other.

But what of the Equitable? we think we hear our readers ask. That is far too gigantic a figure to be overlooked. Those who bear in mind that it only commenced business in 1859-nine years later than the United States Life-will admit that there is something grand in its present magnitude. In 1869, this company issued more than twelve times as many policies as the United States, insuring more than twenty-four times as much! If our readers will have the curiosity to turn to our criticisms and comparisons made years ago in this journal, they can judge for themselves whether our opinions on a subject in which every class of society are more or less interested are expressed rashly or thoughtfully-whether they are the results of blind passion and prejudice, or of calm reflection and careful research.

That new life companies continue to spring up, is not strange in view of the above facts. Among the most recent are the Hercules and the Amicable; and we believe they are also the most curious specimens. We have remarked on a former occasion, that the titles of a certain class of companies go, like dreams, by contrarities, as the Great Western, the Empire, the American Popular, &c. Accordingly, we confess that the Hercules is to us more suggestive of puny weakness, than of gigantic strength-more of unpaid board and wine bills, than of widows or orphans made happy or comfortable. The "Amicable " is, no doubt, all, to its "executive officers," which its name implies; but whether its amicableness will ever extend much to the outside world is, we fear, rather questionable.

Fire and marine insurance are much more different from life insurance than is generally supposed. The former has far less to do with science than the latter; in other words, it is more material, and yet more a matter of chance, or risk. Accordingly, fire underwriters do not require so much intelligence as life underwriters, nor do they possess so much, in nine cases out of ten. Indeed, the essential requirements are so different, that the life underwriters whom we criticise most for their ignorance and stupidity, might do quite well as fire underwriters,

if they were only endowed with a little more integrity than they are. Upon the other hand, there are some of our fire underwriters that boast of large piles of millions that are scarcely intelligent enough to be assistant book-keepers in a respectable life office. Then, again, there are fire and marine underwriters that are not surpassed in intelligence, ability, or any other essential qualification, even by the most accomplished and most honored of the life fraternity. Foremost among the select class are the officers of the Washington, the Hope, (N. Y.,) the Etna, (Hartford,) the Security, the Hanover, and the Mercantile Mutual. With the exception of the Mercantile each of these has passed the ordeal of fire and water during 1869, not only unscathed, but much improved. Next year we hope there will be no exception among those just mentioned; in any case there is no danger that the Mercantile will not be faithful to its trust. If at any time it fails to meet its engagements, it is because it cannot control old Neptune.

to

The Washington has added $38,000 to its assets-which now amount to about $800,000-and declared its thirty-seventh dividend. The Hope, always cautious and shrewd, never ventures beyond its means; accordingly, its policy holders have never wait, although it boasts no huge piles. We are pleased to see, however, that its handsome surplus fund is steadily increasing. In our last number we indicated the prosperous condition of the Hanover; we need only remark now, in passing, that in the meantime it has not lagged in well doing, but made steady progress.

The Security is, in several essential respects, like its life namesake; to those who know the latter nothing further need be said; they would require no stronger recommendation. The Security Fire has now over $2,000,000 assets. When it is remembered how much it lost lately by a dishonest employé, without allowing its policy holders to lose a penny, it will be admitted that this is a handsome amount for a fire company having a million capital. As for the Etna, of Hartford, it is one of the greatest fire companies in the world; certainly no English, French, or German company is superior to it.

The officers of all these companies contribute to strengthen the prestige justly assigned to American underwriters. No doubt there are other [able and honest men among the fire and marine fraternities; but if so we do not know them. So far as we have seen or are informed, the remainder are, in general, of the broker genus. They know as little about Laplace's Théorie analytique des probabilites, which forms the groundwork of insurance, as they do of antediluvian manners and customs.

INDEX

TO THE

TWENTIETH VOLUME

OF THE

National Quarterly Review.

Acta ex iis decerpta, etc., noticed, 192 et seq,
Barnard, Frederick A. P., LL.D., Report on
Paris Exposition, 187 et seq.
Charton, M. Edward, his Bibliotheque des
Marveilles noticed, 188 et seq.
Cathedral, the, by J. R. Lowell, criticised.
Criminals Our, and Our Judiciary, article on,
374, et seq.-prevalence of crime, 375-
mischief by cruel judges, ib.-upright judg
es, ib.--Hale and Mansfield, 376--Jeffreys and
Norbury, ib.-views of Roman jurists, 377—
Beccaria, 378-English criminal jurispru
dence, ib-escape of criminals, ib.-causes
of crime, 379-comparative statistics, its
precautions, ib.-representations by foreign
journals, 381-immigration of criminals, 383
-American and foreign judges, 334-politi-
cal influence, 385-prejudices, 385-liberal-
ity, ib.-Judge Barnard, 386-Judge Jones,
387-other judges, ib.-qualifications of
American judges compared to our legislat
ors and rulers, &c., ib.

Eclipses and their Phenomena, article on, 152
--early belief in regard to, ib.-causes of
eclipses, ib. et seq.--first record of, 153--
predictions of Thales, ib. et seq.-Chaldean
periods, 154-relative positions of sun and
moon, ib. et seq.-number of eclipses, 155-
duration of, ib.-uses of to astronomers, 156
-important eclipses, 157-ancient accounts
of, 158-prognostications regarding, ib. et
seq.-eclipse of May, 1715, 160-of June 1433,
ib. et seq.-of 1598, 161-of 1699, ib.—of
1706, ib. et seq.-of 1724 and 1733, 162-of
1778, ib. et seq.--of 1806, 163-later eclipses,
ib. et seq.-effect on the moon, 165-obser-
vations in 1831, ib. et seq.-in 1851, 166, et
seq.-professor Bond's observations, 167-
Hind's do., ib et seq.--phenomena in 1858,

168, ib. et seq.--in 1860, 170-expeditions of
observation, ib. et seq.-memorials of this
eclipse, 172-remarkable phenomena, ib.
et seq.

Erasmus and his Influence, article on, 311--
importance of memory, ib.--past and pres-
ent, ib.-God and mamon, 312-scholarship
now and then, ib.--learning in middle ages,
313-the church and learning, ib. et seq.-
birth and parentage of Erasmus, 314-early
education, 315-death of his parents, 316-
kindness of the monks, ib.-system of teach-
ing the classics, ib. et seq.-progress of
Erasmus, 317-n the theological seminary,
ib. et seq.-enters a convent, 318--early
satire, 319--patronage of the bishop of Cam-
bray, ib. et seq.--becomes a private tutor, 320
--honors, 321-a lady patron, ib.--visits Eng.
land, 322--Oxford and Cambridge, ib.--
distinguished friends, 323-Prince Alexan-
der, ib. et seq.-other visits to England, 324--
reception on the continent, ib.-patronage
of Charles V., 325--visits to Italy, ib.--
honors there, ib. et seq.-reception at Rome,
326--advent of Luther, ib.-Erasmus and
Luther, 327-Luther's vindictiveness, 328--
humor and logic of Erasmus, ib. et seq.--his
objections to the reformers, 329-abused by
both parties, 330-friendship of the learned,
ib. et seq.-the Franciscans and Henry VIII.,
331-estimate of his character, ib. et seq.-
testimony of Hallam and others, 332-Scal-
iger's assaults, 333- the Ciceronians of
Erasmus, ib. et seq.-war and reformation,
334-attack of protestants and catholics, ib.
-his friends and patrons, ib.-Paul III, and
Erasmus, 335-death of Erasmus, ib.-post
mortem honors, 336-his tomb, ib.-statue
at Rotterdam, 337-his birthplace, ib.-his
cabinet, ib. et seq.

Flammarion, Cammille, his Merveils Celestes

noticed, 188 et seq.

Fichte, J. G., translation of his New Expos-
tion of the Science of Knowledge noticed,
194.

French Crisis, the, article on, 339-state of
French politics, ib. et seq.-Rochefort, 340-
the revolutionary party, ib. et seq.-France
under the republic, 341-the irreconciliables,
312-the empire, 343-the coup d'état, ib.
-Napoleon III., 344-his policy, 345-ex-
penses, ib. et seq.-reforms, 346--plebeian
and patrician, 347--revolution of 1848, 348
-Rochefort and his confreres, ib. et seq.-
hostility to the empire, 349-character of
the irreconciliables, ib. et seq.-the revolu-
tionary party, 350, et seq.-the populace, 351
--Paris journalists, ib.--modern Paris, 352--
the peasantry, 353-the opposition in the
assembly, ib. et seq.-manifesto of the left,
354-November elections, 355-return of
Rochefort, ib. - conservative republicans,
356-vindictiveness of Rochefort, 357-the
emperor's address, 358-concessions, ib. et
seq.-liberty in France, 359, et seq.-decree
of November, 1860, 360,--other reforms, ib. et
seq.--constitutionalism, 361, et seq.--modera-
tion of the empire, 362-character of Napo-
leon III., b. et seq.

Greek Church, the, article on, 53-removal of
imperial capital to Constantinople, ib.-
schism in the church, ib. et seq.-Madame
Romanoff, 54-object of her book, 55—char-
acter of her sketches, ib. et seq.-plan of
the work, 56, et seq.-Roman, 57-submis-
siveness in the Russian church, 58, et seq.-
history of the decline, 59, et seq.-St. An-
drew, 60, et seq.-origin of the Russian
church, 62-points of difference with Roman,
63 ancient Russia religions, 64-introduc-
tion of christianity, 65-its character, ib.-
powers of the clergy, ib. et seq.-privileges
of bishops, 66-influence with the people,
67-oppressions from the Tartars, ib. et seq.
-barbarism, 68-the priesthood, 69-Peter
the Great and the church, 70-succession in
families, 71-peculiarities of Russian wor-
ship, 72-conservation, ib. et seq.-charac-
ter of the church for learning, 73, et seq.-
beresies, 74-Calvanism in Russia, 75-
ceremonial detail, ib. et seq-communion
service, 76, et seq.-excess of rites, 77—
fasts, ib.-feasts, 78-Russian characteris-
tics, ib. et seq.--Russian and Anglican church-
es, 79.

Hindoo Mythology and its influence, article
on, 1-benefits of mythology, ib. et seq.-
ancient fables, 2-antiquity of Hindoo my.

thology, 3, et seq.-the vedas, 4 et seq.—
Hindoo deities, 6-Agni and his worship, ib.
et seq.--Indra, 9--demon worship, 10-Vedic
and Sanskrit literature, 11, et seq.-bards
and prophets, 13-castes, 14-doctrine of
metemsychosis, 15-ancient priesthoods, 16
-Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma, ib. et seq.-
Rama, 18-Hunaiman, 19-negro religion,
ib.-Krishna, ib. et seq.-the Gita-govinda,
20-hue and cry, 21-Buddha, 22-religion
of the Buddhists, 23-changes in Hindoo lan-
guage, 24-star worship, 25, et seq.-con-
nection with Greek mythology, ib. et seq.-
Shaktis, 27, et seq.-Ganesha and Iswara,
28, et seq. ancient traces, 30-degeneracy
in Hindoo worship, ib. et seq.
Hugo and Sainte-Beuve, article on, 32--predic-
tion of Madame de Girardin, ib.-birth and
early years of Sainte-Beuve, ib. et seq.-
Hugo's literary position, 33-attack by
Sainte-Beuve, ib. et seq.-early writings of
Sainte-Beuve, 34- the quarrel and its resu'ts,
ib. et seq.-conduct of both in 1848, 35-
Hugo's reputation, 36-L'Evénement news-
paper, ib. et seq.-Hugo's republicanism, 37
-Sainte-Beuve not a polit cian, 38-lectures
on Latin poetry, ib.-treatment by the
students, ib. et seq.-in the normal school,
39-Sainte-Beuve made senator, ib.-Hugo's
opposition to Napoleon III., ib. et seq.-his
inconsistency, 40-patriotism pays, 41-his
wealth, ib.-Sainte-Beuve and the "Consti-
tutionnel," 42-French criticism, ib. et seq.
-criticism on Sainte-Beuve, 43-character
of French critics, 44, et seq.-personal ap-
pearance of Sainte-Beuve, 45-his charac-
ter, ib. et seq.-income and habits, 46—
characteristics of Hugo's writings, 47-com-
parison with Sainte-Beauve, ib. et seq.-
Sainte-Beuve's works, 48, et seq.-disagree-
ment with Balzac, 49-verse and prose of
Sainte-Benve, 50, et seq.-opinions concern-
ing him, 51-his faith, 52-bis industry, ib.
-his philosophy, 52.
Juventus Mundi, the Gods and Men of the
Heroic Age, by Gladstone, article on, 141-
literary statesmen, ib,- Mr. Gladstone's
former Homeric studies, 142-Juventus
Mundi, how composed, ib. et seq.-orthogra-
phy of proper names, 143, et seq.-antiquity
of Homer, 144, et seq.-Homer's birthplace,
146-authorship of Iliad and Odyssey, ib.-
changes in them, ib.-means of record, 147
-the Pelasgi, 147, et seq.-their religion, 148
-Phoenicians and Egyptians, 149-"king
of men," ib. et seq.-gods and men, 150-
Homer and the Hebrew scriptures, ib. et
seq-morals and manners of Greece, 151.
Lowell's Cathedral criticised.

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