placing it on his helmet, swore that it should never be removed till her husband was restored to his hereditary dominion. To fulfil this pledge, Christian raised a number of troops, at the head of whom he spread terror through the circle of Westphalia, levelling his fury chiefly on the seminaries of the Jesuits, as the prime agents of the afflicted state of Germany. Frederic; but these proved too insigni- | which he took the glove of the queen, and ficant to retrieve his affairs, which became more deplorable by the preposterous conduct of James, in driving on the project of a matrimonial alliance between his son Charles and the Infanta of Spain. While this unpopular and impolitic measure was going on, the Prince of Wales, at the instigation of the royal favourite, Villiers duke of Buckingham, undertook a journey to Madrid, for the purpose of facilitating the union by a personal courtship. The king, it is true, was shocked at the proposal, but he wanted resolution to prevent it; and the nation was thrown into the greatest distress, when the departure and destination of the prince became known. Fortunately, the Spanish court, notwithstanding its bigotry, behaved in this instance with a moderation that excited general surprise; and when the Prince returned from his romantic adventure without a wife, every one wondered that no attempt had been made to detain his person, or to remove him out of the way. That no advantage was taken of this imprudent step by the zealots of popery, arose from motives of policy, and not from liberality they well knew, that if any thing occurred disastrous to the Prince of Wales, the English crown would devolve, at the death of James, to the Queen of Bohemia and her issue; and this was so much dreaded by the Romanists, that rather than such an event should take place, the heir apparent experienced nothing but kindness throughout the journey. Thus, as Spanheim observes, never was a brother under greater obligations to a sister, than Charles was to Elizabeth of Bohemia, whose succession to the throne, they were aware, would have proved of the greatest service to the Protestant interest throughout Europe. In the mean time the Palatinate was lost, and Heidelberg fell into the hands of Tilly, whose soldiers committed the most horrible outrages upon the inhabitants. The Queen of Bohemia, in this distress, took refuge at the Hague, whither she travelled for the most part of the way on foot, through by-roads, with a young infant at her breast. But while the Imperialists overran most of the Protestant States, and the Pope caused Te Deum to be sung for their massacres; Frederic kept up his spirits, and acted as long as he could with great vigour. His steadiest friend in all his troubles, was Christian of Brunswick, Prince Bishop of Halberstadt, who fought desperately at the battle of Prague, after On the 19th of August, 1622, the Prince of Brunswick and the Count of Mansfeldt gained the victory of Fleurus, but the former had his left arm shattered so dreadfully, that he was obliged to have it amputated, and while the operation was performing in his tent, he ordered the trumpets to sound a charge, and the musicians to play martial airs to inspirit his soldiers. On his recovery, he had an arm of silver made, which he wore constantly, and used with great facility. After defeating the Spanish general Spinola in the Low Countries, Christian received overtures from the Emperor, which he refused to accept on any other condition, than that of the restoration of his friend, the Elector Palatine, to his family estates. In August, 1623, this gallant prince lost the battle of Studloh, but, instead of being dismayed, he began to raise fresh forces, and with the same view came to England. Having partly succeeded in this mission, the prince went to Denmark, and by the succours received there, he was enabled to take the field against Tilly, whom he compelled to make a precipitate retreat from before Nordheim. The year 1625, was remarkably eventful in mortality to the family of the Queen of Bohemia, for, on the 7th of January, her eldest son was drowned by the oversetting of the passage-boat on the lake of Haerlem; and while his mother was lamenting this calamity, the Duke of Buckingham arrived at the Hague, with the intelligence of the death of her father, who just before his demise began to make preparations for war. Encouraged by this change, Count Mansfeldt, then in London, raised twelve thousand men, but unfortunately, not being allowed to land in France, a great number of them perished by disease, on board the transports. Thus, as fast as new hopes arose in favour of Elizabeth, they were broken, and, to add to her affliction, she, the same year, lost her son Louis, a promising child of three or four years old. Nor did the next year improve her prospects, for though Mansfeldt opened the campaign with some success, his for tune was soon reversed, by his total defeat 33 Historical Sketches of the Brunswick Family. 734 ar Dassow. The count then withdrew wards one who had suffered so much in o Italy, where he was poisoned soon the cause of liberty and religion. As for er, in the forty-sixth year of his age. Elizabeth herself, she scorned to comnding his death approaching, this ex- promise her dignity by submitting to the ordinary man caused his two servants to triumphant faction, but she had the misld him up between them, and thus with fortune to see her eldest son taking a part = sword in his hand, as in the act of with them, and rendering himself confence, expired. The melancholy death | temptible to both sides by his servility and the count was the more afflicting to hypocrisy. ederic, as it was preceded by that of ince Christian of Brunswick, who also rished by similar treachery in his twentyventh year. In 1630, the hopes of the Protestants gan to revive by the entry of Gustavus dolphus of Sweden, into Germany, and e rapid progress which he made there r some time. On the 7th of September, the following year Gustavus totally deated Tilly before the walls of Leipsic, hich victory was succeeded by so many ther brilliant advantages, that nothing emed now to hinder the re-establishment the Elector Palatine in his hereditary states. Again, however, did the scale of rtune turn, by the death of Gustavus, nmediately after gaining the battle of utzen, November 16, 1632. The elector palatine was at this time owly recovering from a fever which had eized him at Mentz; but the shock prouced by the intelligence of his loss rought on a relapse, and on the 29th of he same month, death closed all his roubles. Thus Elizabeth was left a vidow with a family of ten children, the youngest of whom was only ten months old. Her sole dependence, in this melancholy state, was upon her brother Charles, who granted her twelve thousand a year, until the civil war deprived him of the power of continuing that allowance. The English parliament at first confirmed the pension by a vote, but afterwards they suffered it to run into arrear; and when the king fell by their murderous hands, they refused to give the queen a shilling of what had been solemnly guaranteed, alleging for an excuse, that no act had ever been passed in favour of the Queen of Bohemia, and that, if there had, her relation to Charles Stuart was sufficient ground for depriving her of its benefit. The States of Holland exhibited a noble contrast to the English republicans, by settling a yearly income upon the illustrious exile; and though remonstrated with for giving her an asylum and a maintenance, they not only refused to withhold from her the rights of hospitality, but urged upon the regicidal government the duty of preserving the national faith to During the interregnum, the Queen of Bohemia continued to reside at the Hague, where she had the English liturgy read every day in her family, and entertained, as far as her circumstances permitted, all the English who were obliged to live abroad on account of their loyalty. At length she had the satisfaction to see the restoration of her nephew, soon after which, the parliament, having sent her ten thousand pounds to liquidate her debts in Holland, she settled her affairs there, and took shipping for her native land; where she arrived on the 17th of May, 1661. Leicester House was assigned to the Queen of Bohemia for her residence, but the sun of her eventful life was now setting, and on the 13th of February, 1662, she expired in the presence, and almost it may be said, in the arms of the king, for whom she ever entertained a warm affection. On the 17th, at night, her remains were interred with great solemnity in the chapel of Henry the Seventh, in Westminster Abbey. Elizabeth Stuart was a woman of strong understanding, and of invincible fortitude. She was the friend of Descartes, and held a correspondence with that philosopher, as well as with other persons eminent for their learning. So popular was Elizabeth in England, that she commonly went by the name of the Queen of Hearts; and that the appellation was appropriate, the whole of her deportment through life clearly proved. Among those who espoused her interest with the greatest zeal, were Sir Henry Wotton and William Earl of Craven; the former called her his mistress, and the latter made such large sacrifices in her service, as gave rise to a belief that he had received her hand privately, after the death of Frederic; but there was no real foundation for the report. Elizabeth had thirteen children: 1. Frederic Henry, who was drowned, as already stated. 2. Charles Louis, who succeeded to his father's title, and eventually to the estate. 3. Rupert, who distinguished himself as a general during the civil wars, and as a commander in the sea service He was created after the restoration. 735 The late King, and the Bishop of Winchester. duke of Cumberland by Charles the First, but though he sat in the House of Lords, he was more commonly called Prince Rupert, than by his title of peerage. He was governor of Windsor Castle, a man of great science, and universally beloved. 4. Maurice, who, after serving his uncle Charles I. embarked for the West Indies, and foundered at sea. 5. Louis, who died in his infancy. 6. Edward, who turned Roman Catholic. 7. Philip, who was killed at the battle of Rathel, in 1650. 8. Gustavus Adolphus, who died in 1646. 9. Elizabeth, who died unmarried. She was a woman of extraordinary learning and piety; the friend of William Penn, and the correspondent of Donna Maria à Schurman. 10. Louisa Hollandina, who became a Catholic, and abbess of Manbrisson in France, where she died in 1709. 11. Henrietta Maria, who married Sigismund Ragotzki, duke of Magatz. 12. Charlotte, who died in her childhood. 13. Sophia, who married the duke of Hanover, by whom she had George, who became King of Great Britain. THE LATE KING AND THE BISHOP OF A PORTION of the preface to a new work, -- These last-mentioned names must always excite no common degree of interest and attention. Two brothers, at such an early period of life, seated on the bench at one and the same time, is an unusual spectacle in our hierarchy. In point of interest, the younger brother takes precedence of the elder. Towards the Bishop of Winchester, whether he be regarded as a prelate, raised with almost unexampled rapidity-as presiding, at such a comparatively early age, over the third see in the kingdom-or as, till very recently, the spiritual monitor of the highest personage in the realm-many an inquiring eye has been anxiously directed. "What opinions does he hold?”— "What manner of spirit" is he of?-Is such unusual advancement the meed of unusual merit? A few facts which have been circulated in the higher ecclesiastical circles respecting him, place his character in a very peculiar light. The first few sermons addressed by him to the royal ear were sermons not written, as is almost invariably the case, 736 expressly for the occasion; but plain, simple, faithful expositions of solemn duties, which had been previously delivered during the course of his ministerial career, stated, at Highclere. "I well knew," was his manly observation, "the force of the temptation that awaited me; I was jealous, and afraid of myself. Conscious that were I to sit down to write for SUCH an auditor, feelings, unsuspected even by myself, might influence me; apprehensive that I might, unconsciously perhaps, but effectually, omit or soften down what was scriptural, solemn, or true; I determined, though the alternative was not a pleasant one, to deliver, without addition or alteration, that which had been written under tranquil and ordinary circumstances, and had approved itself to my own conscience." That ministerial efforts, regulated by such noble motives, should be successful, should be permitted to acquire influence and inspire confidence, is natural, nay, un. avoidable. "I am beset on all sides," was the monarch's playful observation. "One asks me for this, and another wishes for that. In point of suitors, I believe I could even match the lord chancellor: yet, Sumner, I never met with any request from you. How is this?" "May it please your Majesty," was the reply, "I too am like others. I have a cer tain object at heart, a private request of my own to make, and I have been anxiously waiting an opportunity to introduce it." "Let me have it now," was the permission granted with a smile, not unnixed with surprise. During the reign of your Majesty's revered father, a custom prevailed, that the household, morning and evening, should be summoned to family prayer. This practice, with your Majesty's permission, is what I should wish to be revived, and fully acted upon." "By all means. Why was it not named before? But is this all, Sumner? Where is YOUR request?" "For myself, Sire, I have none to make. Your Majesty's bounty has left ine nothing to ask." It was as a close and practical preacher that Mr. Sumner first riveted the Royal attention. On one occasion, the King is known himself to have selected the subject. He requested his uncompromising chaplain to write on the parable of the talents. The Royal command was, of course, obeyed. The King listened most attentively to the sermon; in the after part of the day warmly inked the preacher, and added these rerkable words:-" Sumner, you make tremble at my own responsibility!" It was in reference to this sermon that › Earl of ——, one of the Lords in wait, whispered, at its close, to Lord t is well Pelham is not alive. The days courtly and easy-conscienced Bishops m to have gone by." "And those of Latimer to be fast proaching!" PROPERTY versus JUSTICE. AMONG the company was a tenente colo1, who, though still in middle life, had all e appearance of a man in a state of preature decay; his countenance sallow and naciated, his hair in scanty patches, and s limbs trembling and infirm. It was ident some extraordinary cause had occaoned this: I inquired what it was, and I as informed. He had a female slave, ho, for some real or supposed injury, or the hope of obtaining her freedom at his eath, determined to destroy him and his amily, which consisted of a wife and child. 'o this end she procured from her husband e root of a plant producing a poison, nown only to the people of her nation.she administered it first to the domestic nimals to try its efficacy, and when it proluced on them its deadly effects, she gave t to the rest of the family. His wife and child died in a few hours, and he himself carcely survived, but still bears about him he deleterious effects of the dose. "The woman who perpetrated this was executed, you suppose, and her punishment accompanied with all the execration such an act naturally excited. No such thing! A slave in Brazil is not always amenable to the laws; as far as relates to him, they neither protect nor punish. He is only a species of property, and the rights of the owner are paramount to those of justice. Her master sold her to another, who did not hesitate to buy her, and with the money raised by her sale he was enabled to purchase the fazenda I have already described. The diseased appearance of this desolate man, whose family had been swept away in a few hours, and the knowledge that the perpetrator was only transferred to another house, and suffered to live to execute again the same atrocity, is one of those fearful evils, which could not take place except where slavery exists; and the selfish feeling that our fellow-creature is part of our property, obliterates the sense of his moral responsibility."-Notices of Brazil, by Rev. R. Walsh, Vol. II. 140.-VOL. XII. MUMMY-HUNTING. 738 I ACCEPTED the invitation of Signior Piccinini, a Lucchesse, in the service of the Swedish Consul at Alexandria, who had resided about nine years at Thebes, to see the opening of a mummy, that I might myself take out the scarabæus, or any such sacred ornament as might be found in the coffin. The signior's dwelling was nothing more than a mud hut on the hills of Goornoo. I ascended to the only apartment by a few steps; this room contained his couch, his arms, his wine, his few drawings, and all his worldly goods. The windowshutters, steps, and floor, were composed of mummy coffins, painted with hieroglyphical figures, perhaps four thousand years old; and it was curious to observe the profuse expenditure of materials to which I had been accustomed to attach ideas of value, from seeing them only in museums and collections of antiquities. I had accompanied Signior Piccinini with great glee, thinking what a fine thing it would be to tell my friends in England. What my notions of opening a mummy were, I cannot define,-something, however, very classical and antique-certainly any thing but what it proved in reality. Half a dozen Arabs were standing around, panting under heat, dust, and fatigue. They had only just brought in their burden, and were watching with eager looks the examination of its contents, (their profits depending upon the value of the prize,) while the candles which they held to assist the search lighted up their anxious countenances. The outside case of the mummy was covered with hieroglyphics, and the inner one consisted of a figure as large as life, with the face and eyes painted like a mask. On lifting up this cover, nothing was seen but a mass of dark yellow cloth, which, though it must have consisted of at least fifty folds, yielded like sand to the merciless hand of the operator, and the skeleton appeared to view. It was some time before I could recover from the horror with which the scene impressed me: I saw no more, but this little was sufficient to make me consider the employment as disgusting as that of a resurrection-man, and the manner of performing it not less unfeeling. It may be called the pursuit of science, but to me it appeared nothing more than rifling the dead for the sake of the trifling ornaments with which the corpse is generally buried. This, indeed, was the fact; for the moment it was ascertained that the mummy contained no ornament, the skeleton, together with the papyrus, on 3 A which were inscribed numerous distinct hieroglyphics, and the other materials, were cast forth as worthless rubbish. Sufficient papyrus and relics have been procured for the interests of science; and I think it would redound to the pasha's credit, if he were to issue an edict to clear his country from these mummy-scavengers. He had, indeed, ordered all the corpses to be reinterred; but, according to evident demonstration, this order was habitually disregarded. Scarabæi are scarce; a few were brought us by the Fellahs, while wandering about the ruins, though none of value. Ancient coins are procurable in abundance, but they were too numerous to prove curious, and certainly they had no beauty to attract us to become purchasers. Signior Piccinini had found on a mummy some bracelets, about an inch wide, of small coloured beads, which were remarkable, from resembling so much the fashion of the present day, yet, from the absence of all device, not nearly so pretty. The beads, which were of coral, cornelian, garnets, amethysts, and vitrified porcelain of a bright blue colour, were strung together, and separated at every inch by a gold wire or link, to which they were attached, in order to keep the bracelets flat on the arm. The signior thought them very handsome; but they appeared to me of no value, except for their antiquity. During the many years he had resided at Thebes, he had only discovered one mummy likely to indemnify him for the labour of excavation. Passing through his miserable kitchen, the shelves of which were also made of ancient coffins, we entered a tomb, where lay the mummy in question, supposed to be that of a high priest. It was placed in a stone case, the lid of which was removed, and enclosed in three coffins, each having a gilt mask at the upper end. The entire lid of the last coffin was also covered with gilding, in vivid preservation, and the body was wrapped in a garment curiously wrought with gold lace, and apparently of a tough texture. The whole figure seemed as fresh as if it had been prepared a few months before, but the envelopment remained unfolded. Signior Piccinini said he might obtain five hundred dollars for this mummy at Alexandria, but he considered it of such value that he thought of taking it himself to Tuscany. Whether or not this appreciation was to excite the cupidity of purchasers, I pretend not to determine. The mountains in this neighbourhood, called Goornoo, have for centuries been the cemeteries for the dead; and, notwith 74 standing the havoc which for some yea has been made amongst them, their co tents appear inexhaustible. It WOU scarcely be any exaggeration to say, th mountains are merely roofs over the masse of mummies within them. The cothe serve as fire-wood to the whole neighbour hood: I saw nothing else burnt. At firs I did not relish the idea of my dinne being dressed with this resurrection-wood particularly as two or three of the cofini lids-which, as I said before, were in the shape of human figures-were usually to be seen standing upright against the tree under which the cook was performing his operations, staring with their large eyes, as if in astonishment at the new world. upon which they had opened. The cothus were usually made of sycamore wood which may serve in some degree to account for the almost total extinction of that tree in Upper Egypt; that under which my tenť was pitched being the only one in the neighbourhood. This extinction, perhaps/ may also be explained by the increasing aridity of the soil. As numerous pits full of mummies have been discovered in the heart of the mountains, without coffins, and merely embalmed, it may be inferred that these were the bodies of the poorer classes, who could not afford that expensive mode of interment.—Mrs. Lushington's Journey. WELCH FREEBOOTERS. THE following extraordinary but authentic anecdote is extracted from an article on Welch manners and traditions in "The British Magazine" for March. The writer, after describing a ferocious band that had long infested one of the wildest districts in North Wales, proceeds:-" The band at length became so powerful and numerous, that the inhabitants petitioned the government for protection against its outrages. A commission was, consequently, granted to John Wynn ab Meredith, of Gwedir, and Lewis Owain, one of the barons of the Welch Exchequer, and Vice-Chamberlain of North Wales. To them was entrusted the power of extirpating the band, root and branch; and, on Chrismas-eve, 1554, they succeeded in capturing about one hundred of the freebooters, whom they hanged à la lanterne, as their commission authorised, on the spot. Among the prisoners were two fair-haired and beautiful boys, the younger sons of a widowed mother, and who were too young and too gentle to have yet imbibed the ferocious habits of their conrades. Their mother, with all the vehe mence of a mother's love and solicitude, |