should reign, sole sovereign, and, at the same time, render to the other all the aid, and kind attentions in his power. What does our doughty lord do for his "weaker vessel?" Nothing. He will keep tavern, but the entire labor of the concern falls on her. Does an equestrian appear at the door? She, or her girl, and she has but one, must bring hay or oats for the horse. Does he ask for drink? She gets it. Does he wish for breakfast? She prepares it. Poor woman! You have "to make brick without straw." There is no wood at the house-not a single stick. Away she goes, sixty years old, clambering over the fences, to collect bark and broken wood, in the pastures and fields—just as the enslaved Israelites gathered stubble-to cook her meal. We should have had no dinner to-day, had not this bleached-locked, uncomplaining wife, carrying heaven on her countenance, gone to a rotten fence, sixty or seventy rods distant, and culled out her arms full of sticks, with which she fed her fire. And where, in the meantime, was her affectionate spouse? In the bar room, sitting at his ease. on the man, who thus treats his yoke-fellow.

SUMMIT OF THE ALLEGHANY, MAY 22.

Shame

Nine miles have brought us to this lofty, chill region, to a comfortable inn-the house of General Burns-not Robert, the poet, though the scenery around him is very poetic. The prospect of the lower lands, stretching off to an immense distance, and diversified with hills and valleys, and farms, is interesting and grand. The mountain is easy of ascent. The minerals we saw, in ascending, were chiefly chlorite and argillaceous slate.

How changed the climate! It is cold here as October. The apple trees are not in blossom, nor will they be within ten days. The forest is leafless as it is in gelid January. The buds have not begun sensibly to enlarge. The soil, though cold, furnishes rye, oats, and grass plentifully, but maize and wheat it refuses to yield. Cattle love this alpine air and food, and so do hogs. They exhibit no signs of starving. The porpus is not fatter. Sheep, too, delight to graze and gambol in these highland pastures. Their flesh is said to be delicious and their fleece-man, you know, struts in the

second hand dress of the sheep-is uncommonly fine and bulky. The wilderness is thick and heavy. The trees are oak, maple, beech, ash and hickory. The mode of clearing the land is not the safest or best. It is this: the large trees are girdled, the small ones and the brush-wood are cut and burnt; the ground is then ploughed, or harrowed, and sown. In two or three years, the standing trees, exposed to the destructive action of the atmosphere, become decayed skeletons, and threaten death to the animals, which feed, and the men, who labor under the shadow of their feeble and falling limbs. Occasionally they produce sad accidents. STOYESTOWN.

This little village, with four or five taverns, and a school-house, used also, as a church, is only nine miles from General Burns, and here we feel the grateful warmth of early summer. The difference is astonishing. It is like what we experienced in descending from the Mer de Glace-from the frozen heights of Montanvert-into the balmy air of the beautiful vale of Chamouni.

"Spring hangs her infant blossoms on the trees,

Rock'd in the cradle of the western breeze."

The forests are adorned with their cheering green foliage, and the meadows carpeted with luxuriant grass.

Kingston is the name of an old Forge, which is now defunct and falling into ruins. Its former owner and operator has turned publican and given us a good breakfast.

TURTLE CREEK.

We have travelled thirty miles to-day, over an undulating, and even hilly, but rich farming country. The fruit trees, though not numerous, promise a bountiful crop. I have never seen, within the same distance, so large a quantity of oak timber. The houses are constructed of hewed logs; some are framed, and a few built of brick. Oak shingles exclusively are used. I have observed, in the course of the day, much limestone, containing petrefactions of organic substances-also sandstone, and several pits of bituminous coal. The coal, however, was impure and nearly worthless. Weariness will drive us early to bed.

Pittsburg-Smoke-Fort Pitt-Rapid settlement-Busy workshop-Penitentiary— Water Works-Churches-Professional Men-Coal Hill-Price of Coal-Iron Ore -Future prospects of Pittsburg.

PITTSBURG, MAY 24.

We entered this city of smoke and mud, and ugly pavement, at nine this morning, under the peltings of a copious rain. The locality of the place was made known to us, at the distance of eight or ten miles—as Sheffield in England was-by its voluminous column of smoke, which mounted slowly, but majestically, into the regions of attenuated air. Pittsburg is better known in Europe than any other city in America, which stands far remote from the Atlantic coast. It is spoken of in Scotland, Ireland, England and France, as the "Birmingham of the West:" as the "Workshop of the United States." It is, indeed, a vast and busy workshop. The sounds of the hammer, the file, and the saw, reach the ear from every quarter. The dazzling flames, generating steam, and fusing metals, encounter the eye from all points of the compass. The odor of the burning coal is offensive to me. similar remark I once made to a Scotch gentleman in Glasgow. "I love it,” said he, " for if we had no smoke, we should have no city. Glasgow would not be here. It is this, which has built these monuments, these churches, these elegant squares, these fine houses." With as much emphasis, might a dweller at Pittsburg say, "It is smoke, which has given us our prosperity, our fame, our wealth."

The town is situated, like Lyons in France, on a tongue of land, formed by two rivers. That old, compact city-the second in the kingdom, in population and opulence-founded by the friend of Cicero and Horace, Lucius Muratius Plancus, is, you recollect, skirted on two sides by the Saône and the Rhone. occupies a tract of alluvial land, formed at the confluence of the two rivers, the Monongahela, larger than the Connecticut at Hartford, rushing in from the north-east, and the Alleghany, of nearly

This

equal volume, bringing its wave from the south-west, which, after their union, roll onward, resistless, under the name of the Ohio river.

Pittsburg was early selected, and inhabited by the French. It was a favorable situation for carrying on traffick with the children of the forest, and for a fort. It was at first called, as every schoolboy knows, Fort du Quesne. After Braddock's unfortunate defeat, the chances of war threw it into the hands of the English, at the time, when Pitt, the Elder, guided the destinies of that hatighty nation. A new butcher house-I cannot give it a better name-for the slaughter of men, was erected soon after, under the management of Lord Stanwix. The expense of the erection drew from the British purse no less a sum than a million of dollars. It was styled Fort Pitt.

"The origin of the present town," says Peck, "may be dated 1765. Its plan was enlarged, and re-surveyed in 1784, and then belonged to the Penn family, as a part of their hereditary manor. By them it was sold." Its growth has been rapid. In the year 1800, its population amounted only to 1565. The estimated number, at the present time, including the suburbs, is over 30,000, of which, 17,000 have been added within the last five years. The principal suburbs are Alleghanytown, on the opposite side of the river of that name, and Birmingham, on the opposite side of the Monongahela. They are both noted manufacturing villages. Indeed the multitude of manufacturing establishments, which I have seen in the city, and its immediate neighborhood, astonishes me. There are twelve or fourteen founderies; several glass-houses, where the finest flint glass is made and ground; eight or nine cotton factories, with three hundred and sixty nine power looms; six or seven paper mills; thirty blacksmiths' shops; four gunsmiths' and nine silversmiths' shops; four breweries; four white lead manufactories, and six printing offices. More steam engines are made here, than in any other city in the Union. The value of the articles manufactured at Pittsburg in the single year 1831, was estimated at $3,968,469. Since that period, nearly all the manu

facturing operations, have, I am informed, been extended, and many new ones introduced.

This city is not, like many others on the western waters, subject to fluviatile inundations. The grounds on which the buildings stand, are sufficiently elevated above the ordinary level of the water, to ensure their security against the effect of its ravages.

A gentleman, to whom I had a letter of introduction, has politely conveyed me in his carriage to the most interesting points of view in the city, and its environs. I have taken a peep at the Penitentiary; a costly and not inelegant pile of building, and also, at the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian denomination, both occupying eligible sites in Alleghanytown. The latter is seen to great advantage from the city side of the river, being placed on high land. I did not inspect the interior arrangements of either of them. I paid a similar token of regard to the Western University of Pennsylvania. Its outside appearance is very respectable, but not splendid. It is in the town, and its location is pleasant, being in the vicinity of the Monongahela.

The water-works, for the supply of the inhabitants with the most essential of liquids, attract much of my attention, and richly merit the attention of every traveller. The reservoir is on Grant's hill, near the cathedral. These works, says an elegant writer "are a splendid monument of municipal enterprise. The water is taken from the Alleghany river, by a pipe 15 inches in diameter, carried 2,439 feet, and 116 feet in elevation, to a reservoir, capable of containing 1,000,000 of gallons. The water is raised by a steam engine of 84 horse-power, and will raise 1,500,000 gallons in twentyfour hours." From this elevation, the liquid is distributed in pipes over the entire city. There is nothing I so much delight to see in the young towns and villages, which are springing up in our country, as a full supply of water. The furnishing and holding of this indispensable article should never be committed to private individuals, or to private companies. If nature has not brought it within the convenient reach of every citizen, the municipal authorities should do it, and defray the expense incurred, from the public chest. The water should then, under judicious regulations, bo