Jan.-April 1759.

'In sum Twenty-six Millions; leaving you one Million of margin,— and always a plenty of cash in hand for incidental sundries. 13

'Friedrich's own view of these sad matters, as he closes his History ' of the Seven-Years War' (at 'Berlin, 17th December 1763'), 'is in 'these words: "May Heaven grant,-if Heaven deign to look down on the paltry concerns of men,—that the unalterable and flourishing destiny of this Country preserve the Sovereigns who shall govern it "from the scourges and calamities which Prussia has suffered in these "times of trouble and subversion; that they may never again be forced "to recur to the violent and fatal remedies which we (lon) have been obliged to employ in maintenance of the State against the ambitious "hatred of the Sovereigns of Europe, who wished to annihilate the "House of Brandenburg, and exterminate from the world whatever "bore the Prussian name !" "14

Of the Small-War in Spring 1759. There are Five Disruptions of that grand Cordon (February — April); and Ferdinand of Brunswick fights his Battle of Bergen (April 13th).

Friedrich, being denied an aggressive course this Year, by no means sits idly expectant and defensive in the interim; but, all the more vigorously, as is observable, from February onwards, strikes-out from him on every side: endeavouring to spoil the Enemy's Magazines, and cripple his operations in that way. So that there was, all winter through, a good deal of Small-War (some of it not Small), of more importance than usual,—chiefly of Friedrich's originating, with the above view, or of Ferdinand his Ally's, on a still more pressing score. And, on the whole, that immense Austrian-French Cordon, which goes from the Carpathians to the Ocean, had by no means a quiet time; but was broken into, and violently hurled back, in different parts: some four,, or even five, attacks upon it in all; three of them by Prince Henri,-in two of which Duke Ferdinand's people coöperated; the business being for mutual behoof. These latter Three were famous in the world, that Winter; and indeed are still recognisable as brilliant procedures of their kind; though, except dates and results, we can afford almost nothing of them here. These Three, intended chiefly against Reichs people and their Posts and Magazines, fell-out on the western and middle part of the Cordon. Another attack was in the extreme eastward, and was for Fried13 Preuss, ii. 388. 14 Euvres de Frédéric, v. 234

2d Jan. 1759.

rich's own behoof; under Fouquet's management ;-intended against the Austrian-Moravian Magazines and Preparations, but had little success. Still another assault, or invasive outroad, northward against the Russian Magazines, there also was; of which by and by. Besides all which, and more memorable than all, Duke Ferdinand, for vital reasons of his own, fought a Battle this Spring, considerable Battle, and did not gain it; which made great noise in the world.

It is not necessary the reader should load his memory with details of all these preliminary things; on the contrary, it is necessary that he keep his memory clear for the far more important things that lie ahead of these, and entertain these in a summary way, as a kind of foreground to what is coming. Perhaps the following Fractions of Note, which put matters in something of Chronological or Synoptical form, will suffice him, or more than suffice. He is to understand that the grand tug of War, this Year, gradually turns-out not to be hereabouts, nor with Daun and his adjacencies at all, but with the Russians, who arrive from the opposite Northern quarter; and that all else will prove to be merely prefatory and nugatory in comparison.

January 2d, 1759: Frankfurt-on-Mayn, though it is a Reichstadt, finds itself suddenly become French. 'Prince de Soubise lies between Mayn and Lahn, with his 25,000; beautifully safe and convenient,— though ill-off for a place-of-arms in those parts. Opulent Frankfurt, on his right; how handy would that be, were not Reichs Law so express! Marburg, Giessen are outposts of his; on which side one of 'Ferdinand's people, Prince von Ysenburg, watches him with an 8 or 10,000, capable of mischief in that quarter.

6

'On the Eve of Newyear's day, or on the auspicious Day itself, 'Soubise requests, of the Frankfurt Authorities, permission for a regiment of his to march through that Imperial City. To which, by law ' and theory, the Imperial City can say Yes or No; but practically cannot, without grave inconvenience, say other than Yes, though most 'Frankfurters wish it could. "Yes," answer the Frankfurt Magnates; 'Yes, surely, under the known conditions. Tuesday January 2d, ' about 5 in the morning, while all is still dark in Frankfurt, regiment Nassau appears, accordingly, at the Sachsenhausen Gate, Townguard people all ready to receive it and escort it through; and is admitted 'as usual. Quite as usual: but instead of being escorted through, it orders, in calm peremptory voice, the Townguard, To ground arms; with calm rapidity proceeds to admit ten other regiments or battalions, 'six of them German; seizes the artillery on the Walls, seizes all the 'other Gates:-and poor Frankfurt finds itself tied hand and foot, al

16th Feb.-2d March 1759.

most before it is out of bed! Done with great exactitude, with the 'minimum of confusion, and without a hurt skin to anybody. The 'Inhabitants stood silent, gazing; the Townguard laid down their arms, ' and went home. Totally against law; but cleverly done; perhaps 'Soubise's chief exploit in the world; certainly the one real success 'the French have yet had.

'Soubise made haste to summon the Magistrates: "Law of Ne'cessity alone, most honoured Sirs! Reichs Law is clear against me. 'But all the more shall private liberties, religions, properties, in this Imperial Free-Town, be sacred to us. Defence against any aggres'sion; and the strictest discipline observed. Depend on me, I bid you!"-And kept his word to an honourable degree, they say; or ' in absence, made it be kept, during the Four Years that follow. 'Most Frankfurters are, at heart, Anti-French: but Soubise's affability was perfect; and he gave evening parties of a sublime character; the Magistrates all appearing there, in their square perukes and long gowns, with a mournful joy.'15

Soubise soon went home, to assist in important businesses,-Invasion of England, no less; let England look to itself this Summer!— and Broglio succeeded him, as Army-Captain in the Frankfurt parts; with laurels accruing, more or less. Soubise, like Broglio, began with Rossbach; Soubise ends with Frankfurt, for the present; where Broglio also gains his chief laurels, as will shortly be seen. Frankfurt is a great gain to France, though an illicit one. It puts a bar on Duke Ferdinand in that quarter; secures a starting-point for attacks on Hessen, Hanover; for coöperation with Contades and the Lower Rhine. It is the one success France has yet had in this War, or pretty much that it ever had in it. Due to Prince de Soubise, in that illegal fashion. —A highly remarkable little Boy, now in his tenth year, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, has his wondering eyes on these things: and, short while hence, meets daily, on the stairs and lobbies at home, a pleasant French Official Gentleman who is quartered there; between whom and Papa occur rubs, -as readers may remember, and shall hear in April coming.

Grand Cordon disrupted: Erfurt Country, 16th February — 2d March. 'About six weeks after this Frankfurt achievement, certain 'Reichsfolk and Austrian Auxiliaries are observed to be cutting-down ' endless timber, "18,800 palisades, 6,000 trees of 60 feet," and other huge furnishings, from the poor Duke of Gotha's woods; evidently meaning to fortify themselves in Erfurt. Upon which Prince Henri 'detaches a General Knobloch thitherward, Duke Ferdinand contributing 4,000 to meet him there; which combined expedition, after some sharp knocking and shoving, entirely disrooted the Austrians ' and Reichsfolk, and sent them packing. Had them quite torn-out by the end of the month; and had planned to "attack them on two 'sides at once" (March 2d), with a view of swallowing them whole,— 15 Tempelhof, iii. 7-8; Stenzel, v. 198-200.

4th-31st March 1759.

' when they (these Reichs Volscians, in such a state of flutter) privately ' hastened off, one and all of them, the day before. '16

This was Breakage First of the grand Cordon; an explosive hurling of it back out of those Erfurt parts. Done by Prince Henri's people, in concert with Duke Ferdinand's,-who were mutually interested in the thing.

เ

Breakage Second: Erfurt-Fulda Country, 31st March-8th April. 'About the end of March, these intrusive Austrian Reichsfolk made some attempt to come back into those Countries; but again got nothing but hard knocks; and gave-up the Erfurt project. For, close 'following on this First, there was a Second still deeper and rougher 'Breakage, in those same regions; the Hereditary Prince of Brunswick dashing through, on a special Errand of Ferdinand's own' (of which presently), 'with an 8 or 10,000, in his usual fiery manner; home into 'the very bowels of the Reich (April 3d, and for a week onward); and returning with "above 2,000 prisoners" in hand; especially with a 'Reich well frightened behind him;-still in time for Duke Ferdi'nand's Adventure' (in fact, for his Battle of Bergen, of which we are to hear). 'Had been well assisted by Prince Henri, who "made dangerous demonstrations in the distance," and was extremely diligent, ' though the interest was chiefly Ferdinand's this time."-Contemporary with that First Erfurt Business, there went on, 300 miles away from it, in the quite opposite direction, another of the same;-too curious to be omitted.

Across the Polish Frontier: February 24th-March 4th. 'In the ' end of February, General Wobersnow, an active man, was detached 'from Glogau, over into Poland, Posen way, To overturn the Russian ' provision operations thereabouts; in particular, to look into a certain 'high-flying Polack, a Prince Sulkowski of those parts; who with all diligence is gathering food, in expectation of the Russian advent; ' and indeed has formally "declared War against the King of Prussia;" 'having the right, he says, as a Polish Magnate, subject only to his ' own high thought in such affairs. The Russians and their wars are 'dear to Sulkowski. He fell prisoner in their cause, at Zorndorf, last Autumn; was stuck, like all the others, Soltikoff himself among 'them, into the vaulted parts of Cüstrin Garrison: "I am sorry I have no Siberia for you," said Friedrich, looking, not in a benign way, on 'the captive Dignitaries, that hot afternoon; go to Cüstrin, and see 'what you have provided for yourselves!" Which they had to do; nothing, for certain days, but cellarage to lodge in; King inexorable, ' deaf to remonstrance. Which possibly may have contributed to kindle 'Sulkowski into these extremely high proceedings.

'At any rate, Wobersnow punctually looks-in upon him: seizes 'his considerable stock of Russian proviants; his belligerent force, his high person itself; and in one luckless hour snuffs him out from the 16 Narrative, in Helden-Geschichte, v. 1022 et seq.

17 Tempelhof, iii. 19-22.

13th April 1759.

' list of potentates. His belligerent force, about 1, coo Polacks, were 'all compelled, "by the cudgel," say my authorities, to take Prussian service' (in garrison-regiments, and well scattered about, I suppose); 'his own high person found itself sitting locked in Glogau, left to its 'reflections. Sat thus "till the War ended," say some; certainly till 'the Sulkowski War had been sufficiently exploded by the laughter ' of mankind.' Here are, succinctly, the dates of this small memor

ability:

'End of February, Wobersnow gathers, at Glogau, a force of about '8,000 horse and foot. Marches, 24th February, over Oder Bridge, " straight into Poland; that same night, to the neighbourhood of Lissa ' and Reisen (Sulkowski's dominion), about thirty miles north-east of 'Glogau. Sulkowski done next day;-part of the capture is "fifteen 'small guns." Wobersnow goes, next, for Posen; arrives, 28th February; destroys Russian Magazine, ransoms Jews. Shoots-out other ' detachments on the Magazine Enterprise;-detaches Platen along the 'Warta, where are picked-up various items, among others "eighty 'tuns of brandy,"-but himself proceeds no farther than Posen. March 4th, sets-out again from Posen, homewards. "18 We shall hear again of Wobersnow, in a much more important way, before long.

To the Polish Republic so-called, Friedrich explained politely, not apologetically: "Since you allow the Russians to march through you in attack of me, it is evident to your just minds that the attacked party must have similar privilege.” "Truly!" answered they, in their just minds, generally; and made no complaint about Sulkowski (though Polish Majesty and Primate endeavoured to be loud about "Invasion" and the like):—and indeed Polish Republic was lying, for a long while past, as if broken-backed, on the public highway; a Nation anarchic `every fibre of it, and under the feet and hoofs of travelling Neighbours, especially of Russian Neighbours; and is not now capable of saying much for itself in such cases, or of doing anything at all.

Frankfurt Country, April 13th: Duke Ferdinand's Battle of Bergen. ‘Duke Ferdinand, fully aware what a stroke that seizure of Frankfurt was to him, resolved to risk a long march at this bad season, and attempt to drive the French out. Contades was absent in Paris,— no fear of an attack from Contades's Army; Broglio's in Frankfurt, grown now to about 35,000, can perhaps be beaten if vigorously at'tacked. Ferdinand appoints a rendezvous at Fulda, of various Corps, 'Prince Ysenburg's and others, that lie nearest, Hessians many of 'them, Hanoverians others; proceeds, himself, to Fulda, with a few 'attendants' (a drive of about 200 miles);-having left Lord George 'Sackville' (mark the sad name of him!) '-Sackville, head of the English, and General Spörken, a Hanoverian, -to take charge in 'Münster Country, during his absence. It was from Fulda that he

9 Nachricht von der Unternehmung des General-Majors von Wobersnow in Polen, im Feb. und März 1759: in Seyfarth, Beylagen, ii. 526-529. Helden-Geschichte, v. 829.