don or Paris we generally find some indi-er these periodical fits of ill-humor have rect evidences of the soundness of the po- their origin in private or political causes, it litical maxims of the cabinet of Vienna. is wholly impossible to say. During such Instances of this wily conduct occur in paroxysms, it is curious to remark the almost every number, but the juggle is al- frightful losses the Russian arms sustain: ways so gracefully, and at times so bril- whole divisions of the emperor's army fall liantly executed, that even detection is not beneath the united efforts of Schamyl, the unaccompanied by a certain feeling of ad- youthful hero of Circassia, and of the cormiration at the adroitness of the feat. Mun- respondent from the Russian frontier, of dus vult decipi, and it is only when a decep- the Augsburg Gazette.' tion is clumsily performed, that we take offence at the insult thus offered to our particularize the various correspondents acuteness. It is neither necessary nor possible to from the different European capitals, furThe Augsburg Gazette' has been from ther than by observing that a numerous time to time more or less employed by every staff is continually maintained to report on continental government, not even excepting all events of any general interest, as well in France, in various controversies respecting the literary and scientific as in the political matters of internal and external policy. world. In truth, it would be difficult to Like the white elephant of the eastern find a name of any note in the German princes, its acquisition as an auxiliary has world of letters that is not, or has not been, been the subject of many a diplomatic con- a regular or occasional contributor. Heine, test; but its support of the interests and Gutskow, Laube, Freiligrath, Dingelstedt, principles of Austria-and, indeed, of the Lenau, &c., are only a few out of the brilpure monarchical principle in general-is liant constellation whose wit and genius much more marked than its devotion to sparkle in these columns. Amongst the any other continental power. As a reward articles of greatest interest to the English for this uncompromising fidelity to Austrian reader are those dated from London and interests, and with a view to reap the full Paris. The effusions of a correspondent, benefit of so powerful an advocacy, the who is, as we are informed by the editor, a journal is permitted to circulate freely Tory member of the House of Commons, through the imperial states. This privilege are deserving of the most particular attenis shared by no one of its contemporaries, tion, as being in general replete with unique and the publicity thus exclusively secured sentiments of very ambiguous loyalty. One to its sentiments, and to its advertisements, of the recent communications of this gifted is productive of a vast amount, not only of individual described the smouldering indigmoral influence, but also of pecuniary profit. nation of the British aristocracy against the The sacrifice of principle, involved in the Queen, on her refusing to receive the Duke admission of this Gazette, must be regarded of Bourdeaux during his recent visit. as a singular concession, on the part of Amongst the Paris correspondents, the poet Austria, to the influence of the press. It Heine is generally the most amusing, from has been frequently asserted, and is, indeed, the inveteracy of his dislike to England and a commonly received opinion in Northern every thing English. Indeed the English Germany, that a special edition is prepared reader will find a better resume of the affairs for Austrian subscribers; this myth would of the world in general in this Gazette, than seem, however, not to rest on any better in any other journal with which we are foundation than on the fact, that some of acquainted; and it is, in our opinion, most the extraordinary supplements which ac- seriously to be regretted that the English company the journal may be occasionally press pay so little attention to the admirable withheld or modified, when containing mat- articles that daily appear in its columns, ter too grating to the sensibilities of its though it were for no better reason than to Austrian readers. Even this charge has become acquainted with the sentiments of not been fully substantiated. Next to Aus- an organ which confessedly exerts so contria, Russia seems to exert the most deci- siderable an influence on the political feelded influence on the Gazette. It is, how-ings of the entire German nation. The ever, altogether impossible to fathom its Gazette is published daily, on a small quarto relations to the Russian cabinet, inasmuch sheet, with one or more supplements, and as we occasionally observe a very marked costs, exclusive of postage, but twenty-one hostility to Russian views and Russian in- shillings annually. The rate of pecuniary terests manifested in its columns. Wheth- remuneration to contributors is liberal; and most of the correspondents have a fixed people, which could find no vent in the annual salary. Well qualified persons are journals published under the Hanoverian frequently sent, at the expense of the pro- censorship, exploded in the columns of the prietor, to watch the progress of events in Leipsic Gazette;' and the fearlessness distant countries, as often as matters (as with which the shallow reasonings of court recently in the East, Greece, and Spain) scribes were here exposed, is sufficient to approach a crisis, and begin to command explain the feverish impatience with which the attention of the historian or general the arrival of each number was expected, politician. Owing to a recent enforcement and the result was its speedy interdiction. of more stringent censorial restrictions, the Austria, Bavaria and Hanover were now Gazette has, within the last twelve months, lost; and the falling off of so many subsuffered a considerable diminution of its scribers seemed to threaten the very existcirculation, which averages from 12,000 to ence of the paper. The proprietor saw 14,000 copies. himself, however, in part indemnified by the increased circulation throughout the few remaining states, and more especially Having presented the reader, in the above imperfect sketch, with a shadowy outline of the politics and position of the in Prussia. In this latter kingdom the re"Augsburg Universal Gazette," we now ligious feuds between the Archbishops of come to speak of its modern rival-a jour- Posen and Cologne and the government had nal which was professedly instituted as a broken out, and the 'Leipsic Gazette' came counterpoise to its influence, and one which, forward as the champion of the Protestant based on the Protestant sympathies of cause and in aid of the government, which Northern Germany, ventured on a much felt itself sorely embarrassed, from the want less scrupulous observance of political neu- of any organ, in which it might combat the trality. The "Leipsic Universal Gazette," strong Catholic tendencies of its Rhenish which has recently assumed the title of and Silesian subjects, without being respon"German Universal Gazette," to evade its sible for the sentiments thus put forward. interdiction in Prussia, was first com- Now, probably, for the first time, did the menced in the year 1832, by the enterpris-Prussian government feel the positive dising publisher, F. A. Brockhaus, of Leipsic. advantage of the censorship, as making the The language of this journal assumed, from government responsible for every opinion the very outset, a decidedly liberal and constitutional tone; and, though published in Saxony, it seems to have cast its eye from the first on Prussia as its principal mart. Under the shield of the recently acquired Saxon constitution, and a comparatively lenient censorship, this journal soon attained a high degree of popularity, not only in Prussia, but amongst all the minor constitutional states of Germany. Having nothing to hope from Austria, from which it was excluded as well by prescription as by the liberal principles it advocated, it sing led out that state and its super-conservative government as the subject of its severest castigations; and it appears, indeed, to have gone in its assaults on the policy of that monarchy to the full length of censorial toleration. From Austria, it turned to the kindred kingdom of Bavaria; and on its interdiction in that kingdom also, concentrated all its energies on opposing the new regimè in Hanover. The abrogation of the constitution by King Ernest, and the strong feelings excited by this arbitrary act of sovereignty, supplied the Leipsic Gazette' with subject for the severest comment. The indignation of the Hanoverian broached in the journals published under effort to recover the ground he had lost, | culation has declined from between 2000 Brockhaus allowed himself to be made the and 3000 to probably about 900. tool of Prussian ministerial intrigues. The The above historical sketch of the forindiscreet publication of certain official tunes of the Leipsic Universal Gazette ' secrets respecting the projected Divorce will, we think, best serve to show the position Bill, and the insertion of Herwegh's offen- of the German press in general. Without sive letter to the King of Prussia, afforded meaning to justify the manifest improvidence the Berlin cabinet but too plausible pretexts for interdicting the circulation of a journal of whose advocacy it stood no longer in need. On the 28th December, 1842, the bolt was shot, and the Leipsic Gazette' fell without even the halo of martyrdom. During the period of its success, this Gazette was conducted with very considerable ability, and was the first German journal which devoted a considerable space to the debates of the English parliament and the French chambers, besides reporting the proceedings of the constitutional chambers of Germany at considerable length. And though the spirit of commercial rivalry which, within the last few years, has awakened an extreme jealousy of England throughout the manufacturing states of Germany, strongly tinged its general complexion, still its antiEnglish tendency never degenerated into a rabid mania, or vapid declamation, a charge to which, we regret to say, some of its colleagues are highly amendable. But perhaps one of its most valuable characteristics was its consistent opposition to the aggrandising policy of Russia; and its correspondents in the East were generally both intelligent and well informed. This paper had the further merit of having infused a degree of life and vigor into the whole body of the German press by the rivalry it awakened; and thus spurring on the Augsburg Gazette' in particular to the full development of its vast resources. Up to the period of its exclusion from Prussia, its many editors, who followed each other in rapid succession, were mere ciphers; their influence extending little beyond the mere internal arrangements: in order, however, to effect its readmission, it was found advisable to select an editor, whose name might serve in a measure as a guaranty for its future good behavior, and with this view the editorship was entrusted to Professor Bulau, of the Leipsic university, who had till then acted as government censor. This selection was attended with the desired success, but has of course proved fatal to the prospects of the 'Gazette' as an opposition journal, notwithstanding the confessedly high literary station and politcal discernment of the learned professor. The cir of the proprietor, we cannot avoid sympathizing to a certain extent with him in the reverses to which he exposed himself, by a temporary forgetfulness of the nature of that self-like tenure by virtue of which he held his literary fief. No journal, with the exception of the Augsburg Gazette,' dares acquire a large share of influence, and the popularity of the latter does not rest so much on the oppositional aroma given to its articles, as on the authentic and semi-official character of its communications. The experience of half a century has established the genuineness of the sources from whence it derives its information, and has manifested that it is not, as was not unfrequently the case of its Leipsic rival, compelled to call upon its correspondents, in the language of Sheridan, ' to reverse the operations of the human mind, and draw on their memories for their wit, and on their imaginations for their facts.' The silence of such a journal is frequently much more eloquent than the fullest effusions of its contemporaries. When the Leipsic Gazette' was in possession of exclusive information, as was sometimes the case, the verification of its prophecies was attributed to chance, and no sooner was a well-informed correspondent won, than the respective governments took measures to stop up the source, or threatened interdiction in the event of advantage being further taken of the indiscretion of its officer, of one not authorized to be indiscreet. The was and is the case not alone with the Leipsic Gazette,' but with all journals published in Germany, and must continue so, as long as the authority of public opinion is altogether denied on principle. In truth, the power of the German press, as regards the liberal cause, lies solely in the multiplicity of journals. Although the government control be as perfect in its organization as human ingenuity could well devise, still each of the thousand journals daily published, contributes its mite towards an expression of popular feeling, of the popular will; and these contributions, however minute, do, when taken collectively, exert a power, which at times succeeds in procuring the recognition of its authority. When we consider that every petty town publishes one ration, the title 'State Gazette' was abandoned, and the present heading substituted. It is by no means difficult to foresee what the next change will be, the more especially as a recent edict compels all editors to insert without note or comment in their several journals, all such government communications as they may receive from time to time. or several papers daily, and that, from the absence of centralization, equal attention is paid to the provincial journals, and to those emanating from capitals, we shall understand how this constant oozing out of popular sentiments is daily undermining the very foundations of absolute monarchy. As instances of this accumulating power, we need only refer to the postponement, perhaps total abandonment, by Prussia, of such pet mea- Since its most recent metamorphosis this sures as the New Divorce Bill, the Jews' journal has assumed a truly anomalous poBill, and others. We are thus in some de- sition, and seems to have lost materially in gree consoled by the prospects which the every point. Its professions of liberality, collective exertions of the press hold out, for and its repudiation of the idea of ministhe impotency of its individual members. terial control, can hardly hope for credence It now becomes our duty to speak of the as long as the editors receive their salaries 'Prussian Universal Gazette,' and in con- from the state. Its readers can see nonexion with it, of the Prussian press gene- thing in it beyond its former self turned inrally. This Gazette has undergone a side out. The pertinacity with which it greater number of metamorphoses, since avoids all subjects of general controversy, its commencement in 1819, than perhaps and the clumsiness of its advocacy, render any journal in existence; it is in this re- it difficult to say whether it compromises spect highly symbolical of the oscillating the government more by its silence or its principles on which Prussian press-legisla- loquacity. A particular incident has also tion is based. The Prussian Universal much tended to bring the 'Gazette' into Gazette' was commenced in 1819 (a year general discredit. Certain averments had ever memorable in the annals of the Ger- been made in the opposition journals as to man press, as in it the first restrictive meas- the intention of the king to revive the old ures were adopted by the Diet at Carls-order of the Swan. On the 20th of Sepbad), and was professedly instituted to elu- tember, 1843, the Gazette' took upon itcidate, rather than discuss, the domestic self to declare that it could state policy of Prussia. The first editor and the best authority, that all the statements proprietor was C. Heyen, who, under the of other journals respecting this subject name of Clauren, was the author of several were idle and wholly unfounded;' and a works of fiction, which from the meretri- few months had hardly elapsed when the cious and voluptuous style of their composi- royal mandate for the revival of the order tion, enjoyed for some time a certain kind appeared. The decay of this paper is more of popularity. After the lapse of about six to be regretted, as it must be admitted, that years, the government purchased the jour- in its former shape it was always distinnal, which then bore the title of Prussian guished for the truth and impartiality of its State Gazette,' and took the entire man- communications. Whilst avoiding all topagement into its own hands. With every ics that might embarrass the government, new phase of Prussian political life a new as, for instance, the constitution question editor was appointed; and it is highly prob- in Hanover, its foreign correspondences able that the paper would have been long since discontinued, as merely embarrassing its patron, if any plausible pretext for its discontinuance could have been discovered. Within the last twelve months the first introductory steps to a total abandonment of the concern have been taken, by the instalment of several quondam liberals in the editorship. Ostensibly with a view to give more scope for the expression of popular sentiments, the government proclaimed the independence of the editors, and therefore disclaimed all responsibility for all future communications not distinctly stated to be official; and in conformity with this decla on were full of information and free from partisanship. The spirit of fairness and integrity, which marked its reports from the seat of war in Poland, during the revolution, gained for it universal respect and applause. But perhaps the best proof of its fallen condition is the fact that, despite the circulation secured by the insertion of official articles, a considerable subvention from the government is necessary to cover its expenses; whereas, under judicious management, and in a less false position, its relation with the Prussian government could not but ensure it a vast surplus revenue. Its circulation has declined from between four and five thousand to probably about j pared with the uncivilized races generally, is dethe half. scribed as of a high order, as evinced in their social habits among themselves and with foreignWe cannot at present afford more than a ers, in the marriage ceremonies, in their funeral rapid glance at some of the other members rites, in their arts and manufactures, and their of the German press. We have no hesita-commercial relations, and in the education of tion in pronouncing the 'Cologne Gazette' their children. The estimation in which women one of the best of its class. It is published, lized man, and young couples are frequently seen are held is much higher than is usual with uncivilike the Prussian Gazette,' in large folio, rubbing noses, their favorite mark of affection, and, in addition to clever leading articles, with an air of tenderness. The Esquimaux are is in possession of some lively and good polygamists, but they rarely have more than two correspondents. Its politics are thoroughly wives, and only one if she has issue; and the liberal, and its religious complexion Cath- of husbands. At Melville Peninsula and Rewomen have the same privilege as to the number olic. We are sorry to see that it has lat-gent's Inlet cousins are allowed to marry, but a terly exhibited a leaning towards the advo- man must not wed two sisters, while at Greencacy of high protective duties. Its feuil-land marriage between cousins is rare. Two inleton' generally contains articles of literary being married to sisters. A son-in-law or daughstances occurred at Igloolik of the father and son merit. Next to it we must make honora- ter-in-law does not consider father-in-law or ble mention of the kindred journals, the mother-in-law in the light of relations. If a boy 'Aix-la-Chapelle Gazette' and 'New Ham- and a girl, although in no way related, have been burg Correspondent.' The Frankfort brought up in the same family, they are looked Journal,' one of the oldest in Germany, if upon as brother and sister, and not allowed to marry. When there are no children it is considnot in Europe, enjoys a large circulation, ered a reproach to both parties.-Athenæum. and is in great favor amongst bankers and capitalists, on account of its money articles; its politics are of the description that suit a paper published in the city where the sittings of the Diet are held. It is not to Fellows' second voyage, have mostly reached the be confounded with Le Journal de Frank- British Museum in safety, only some half score of cases out of a hundred and thirty being still on fort,' likewise published there, in the their way. As yet they lie about in considerable French language, and decidedly in the confusion; but enough has become visible to satRussian interest. It is curious enough, isfy us of their great interest as remains of very that neither in Germany nor in France do ancient art, and the most ancient the most interwe meet with weekly journals; this latter esting. The oldest monuments belong to the Greek Lycian period, and the inscriptions upon is a class which appears peculiar to Eng-them, especially some, which are bilingual, will land. In conclusion, we must remark that probably throw such a light upon its perplexing there is much latent vigor, much patriotic characters as will enable us to translate that lan energy and fire, concealed beneath the cold guage. The connexion between Lycia and Persurface imparted to the German press by man and Christian follow, without supplying any sia is perpetuated in the next series: and the Rothe overwhelming, weight of the censorship; thing very remarkable. To the already famous and that it is our firmest conviction, that Harpy Stele, or Square Pillar, more recently disshould the press succeed in emancipating covered or left portions have, we believe, been itself from its present bonds, it will be added; and nearly three others, named from their symbols "the Lion," "Chimæra," and "the found that the high tone of patriotic feeling Winged Chariot," are so complete as to exproduced by free and manly discussion, will cite both wonder and delight. In the second prove a far better safeguard against foreign class the Ionic prevails-the elder resemble great wooden chests; and it is supposed that an ataggression than the present costly system tempt will be made to restore the most curious, of military parade. as they are presumed to have existed before their fall, according to some fine drawings by Mr. Scharf.-Lit. Gaz. THE XANTHIAN MARBLES.-The fruits of Mr. ISTRIAN DWARF.-The Venetian journals describe a dwarf born in Istria, and now 21 years of He is 2 feet 8 inches high, and weighs less than 24 lbs. He is well proportioned, and agreeable in form and face, with a fine head and excellent intellect, being master of several languages besides his own. We shall probably have a visit from him.-Lit. Gaz. THE INTELLECTUAL CHARACTER OF THE ESQUIMAUX. The data upon which Vitruvius, Lord Kames, Prichard, and Herder have display-age. ed considerable learning and ingenious reasoning, Dr. King pronounces to be wholly incorrect. Of the general disposition of the Esquimaux, we are informed, all who have visited them speak in the most favorable terms. Their intelligence, com |