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MONUMENT TO DR. ARNOLD.-A sum of two

at the New Houses of Parliament. The monu

tinctly his intention of prolonging his visit. Now nothing in the world can be si mau- thousand pounds and upwards was subscribed tovaise ton at Paris as any sort of persiflage, Rugby. The greater part has been expended in wards the Memorial to the late Dr. Arnold, of or, in plain English, quizzing, upon any establishing an exhibition, and the small remainoccasion where accident may betray a great- der applied to the erection of a monument to be er degree of intimate acquaintance between placed in the chapel at Rugby, executed by Mr. a lady and gentleman than the parties pub- Thomas, the superintendent of the stone carvings licly acknowledge; and the two ladies and ment consists of a recumbent effigy of the dethe four gentlemen looked as grave as owls, ceased, robed, with the head resting on a book. while they retreated from Madame de Sois- Above the figure is a large canopy formed of the sonac's drawing-room as rapidly as polite- ogee arch, richly decorated with crockets and ness would permit. Inexpressibly provoked, acter accordant with the architecture of the chapfinials. We presume the monument is of a charMadame de Soissonac continued standing, el in which it is to be located. It will project awaiting in perfect silence the young gentle- from the wall, against which an inscribed tablet man's explanation of this extraordinary ma- is to record the name, birth, death, &c. of Dr. nœuvre, and probably expecting that the awk- Arnold. The execution of the workmanship is excellent; but we cannot say much for the deward creature was charged with some stupid sign, which is essentially based upon ancient exmessage from his mother. But it appeared amples. Assuming it to be consistent, architecthat the young man did not yet feel himself turally, with the character of the building, it has prepared for the declaration he meditated, so far a superior merit to most modern monuand thought it would be better to preface effigy which it covers. ments. The canopy is more important than the The effigy itself is tame, it by a little more preliminary flirtation. and, though the mistake of affecting the quaint He, therefore, began turning over the books attitudes and stiff draperies of the ancient models and ornaments, which lay scattered on the is avoided, it is deficient in that earnest exprestable, muttering as he did so something ment, indeed, is to be praised negatively rather sion generally imputed to them. This monuabout his satisfaction that "tous ces gens than positively; and certainly is in better taste là" had taken themselves off. for a mediæval chapel than Chantrey's James Watt, or Flaxman's Lord Mansfield, though far inferior, viewed as a work of art.-Athenæum.

"Monsieur ?" said Madame de Soissonac in reply, and with a look and accent which, if he had understood French thoroughly, might have sufficed to bring him to his senses. But instead of interpreting either the looks or accents of the lady, the young man was occupied in recalling all that his Mentor of the Boulevards had said, respecting the propriety, or rather the necessity, of declaring his passionate admiration of every married lady with whom he fortunately found himself tête-à-tête. The instructions he had received were too distinct to be mistaken, and therefore, making a magnanimous effort to conquer the embarrassment which beset him, he exclaimed, clasping his hands very passionately, "Ah, madame! Placez-vous, je vous prie, sur le canapé pres de moi!"

Madame de Soissonac stared at him for a moment, and then very gently walked towards the chimney and rang the bell. "Que tu es belle!" exclaimed the young gentleman, taking courage.

Que tu es Anglais !" returned the lady, walking out of the room, and making her escape into her carriage.

* This sudden and astounding use of the most eloquent of pronouns is a trait from nature.

THE ROYAL ACADEMY.-Mr. Hume has given notice in the House of Commons, that he will on an early day move a humble address to her Marules and laws of the Royal Academy, with the jesty to appoint a commission to examine the view of rendering that institution more effective for the promotion of the Fine Arts.—Lit. Gaz.

NATIONAL MONUMENTS.-Among the imperial behests of the Emperor of Russia on leaving England, after only too short a stay amongst us, none have afforded more gratification to the people than the gift of £500 each, to the two national monuments now in progress, to commemorate the heroic services of Nelson and Wellington. The column in Trafalgar Square was, of course, seen by his majesty ; and it is to be regretted that casts of those portions of the Wellington group in he had not an opportunity of witnessing the Mr. Wyatt's studio, from which an idea may be acquired of its prodigious magnitude. Every thing had been prepared for his reception; but H. I. M. was too much hurried to be able to accomplish the wish he had intimated, to inspect this the largest bronze work of art in the world. -Lit. Gaz.

RECENT REVOLUTIONS IN HAYTI.

From the Foreign Quarterly Review.

leavened by revolutionary principles, is well known. All, at least, have heard of a frightful disruption of society, of the arming 1. Colonies Etrangères et Hayti. Par Vsion, war, bloodshed, alternate exhibitions of every rank against the others, of confu

Schoelcher. Paris. 1842.

2. Brief Notices of Hayti, with its Condi-heroic conduct and melancholy fate, of the of patriotism and treachery, of Toussaint's tion, Resources, and Property. By John Candler. London. 1842.

3. Le Manifeste, 1er Mai, 1842-Avril 23, 1844. Published at Port-au-Prince, now Port Republicain.

savage Emperor Dessalines' frightful tyranny, with its fruits, conspiracy and assassination. A republic and a monarchy then appeared upon the scene. The former, by its expansive energy, subdued the latter; and then, breaking its bounds, overran the island as far as Cape Samana, and united the whole under one government. Since then, a virtual despot, ruling under the deceptive mask of a president, kept the popu lation in order, until the occurrence of events, long looked for by politicians, and fated to affect materially the destinies of Hayti, and perhaps of the whole West Indies.

THE history of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, is an epitome of that of America. It was the first island at which Christopher Columbus landed. He was received by its hospitable inhabitants with kindness, which his successors repaid with treachery and massacre, terminating in the total destruction of the aboriginal population. A foreign race now took possession of the soil, introducing a foreign religion and foreign manners, to be modified and corrupted by To unfold the causes of these events, we the almost unavoidable influences of cli- must look a little into the constitution of mate and circumstances. The new comers, society in the island. The first feature that however, seized with so faint a grasp on strikes us is the difference, the next the their rich acquisition, that a few hundred rivalry of races. Without seeking farther, Gallic buccaneers were sufficient to dis- this is the fertile source of dissension and lodge them from the mouths of the Arti- misery. This it is that converts every civil bonite, and the two promontories that em- broil into a revolution, and makes every brace the great bay which indents the west-political controversy a signal for massacre. ern extremity of the island. France, ever The white population in the French part prone to accept established facts of such a has been long exterminated or driven out; nature, and not to pry too curiously into but they left behind them the mulattoes, or causes, recognized the proceedings of her the browns, the mixed or the colored race, lawless sons, and founded thereon a claim which first operated as the instrument of which the dialectics of the Spanish govern- their destruction, and became a legacy of inent were unable to refute. One-third of torment to the enfranchised blacks. the island was, therefore, ceded to her; and the superior industry of the colonists she sent out, soon began to develope the immense resources of the soil. But the fatal impulse to which all the nations of Europe have successively yielded was soon given. Cargoes of African blacks, first imported by the Spaniards, were not long in finding their way to the French side. A vast slave population, that terrible enemy, in modern times, to all institutions, was rapidly formed. It would be painful to relate in what manner they were treated by their masters; but when we reflect that these were descended from the friends and associates of Monbars, the Exterminator, and a rabble of women raked from the prisons, hospitals, and most abominable quarters of Paris, it is easy to conceive that it was any thing but paternal. What ensued when this heterogeneous mass was

The

fruit of crime in this case, as in every other, was misery and more crime. Every mulatto that came into the world was an additional enemy to society. Hating the superior, and despising the inferior class, with all the pride of the one, and all the ignorance of the other, impatient of subordination and incapable of command, the mixed race, until it had passed through the crucible of revolution, was an all but declared enemy to the existing order of things. They were the first to set the example of revolt, and driven to desperation, no doubt, by the atrocious cruelties of their masters, were the first also to encourage the negroes to the perpetration of those deeds of horror, the relation of which must ever form one of the most melancholy chapters of history. Nor did they suffer themselves to be excelled in any species of villany. By their very position, indeed, they

were enabled to perform acts of excessive | former degradation, and to expend the yet wickedness which were denied to the unexhausted rage of their hearts upon the blacks; and parricide was never commit- imperfect representations, the mimics, the ted with so much profusion and so much parodies of their former masters. But in recklessness as by them. But this result these it was equally natural that they should was almost inevitable. There was scarcely cling to that distinction, that pre-eminence, a single colored man who was not the off- to which their superior origin, they thought, spring of crime, and bred up to the licen- entitled them, and they nourished, theretiousness of which he was the child. Every fore, sentiments of contempt for the negro one of them almost was a living proof of the race, which produced the most uufortunate total immorality of the island. They were results. It at once disgusted the mass of all-it is useless to carry on the exception in the population, and, acting fatally on their favor of a few individuals-ignorant, covet- own minds, served to distance them every ous, lazy, proud, vindictive, and cruel, with day more and more from those with whom scarcely any religion, none of any value, they should have sought amalgamation.almost totally destitute of moral feeling. Had these feelings not existed on both They had learned, however, to contemplate sides, the barrier between the two races their own numbers. In an ancient state, would have been speedily broken down; when it was proposed to distinguish the and, on the principle that the physical type slaves by a separate custome from their of the majority must ultimately prevail over masters, it was objected that they would that of the minority, in the lapse of years thus be enabled to ascertain their own nu- one homogeneous population would have merical strength.__ Nature had provided for dwelt in peace and quietness in Hayti. this in Hayti. Every mulatto beheld at a bias of the mind is as unchangeable as a once, in the sinister face of his fellow, the disposition of the body; and we must specureason and the pledge of his co-operation. late on facts as they exist. They required no peculiar badge. Friends. and foes were sufficiently distinguished by their complexion.

But

The two antagonistic sentiments we have been describing became at length embodied, as it were, in the two states which rose on The extirpation of the whites at the first the ruins of the French colony. The muoutbreak of the revolution, left the negroes lattoes, by their superior wealth and intelliand the mulattoes on the field face to face. gence, had obtained the political preponWhilst dread of foreign interference was derance in the south, the blacks in the entertained, they appeared to coalesce; but north. The former established a governas soon as the outward pressure was taken ment republican in form, the latter a monaway, the chasm by which they were natu- archy. But the two constitutions were de rally separated began to open. The pro- facto exactly similar. Pétion was as absocess is easily conceivable. The liberated lute as Christophe; and when President African slaves, by their very position, were Boyer overthrew the black king of the forced to entertain one single feeling, in north there was no triumph of the princicommon with those men who, in more for-ples of liberty, but a temporary victory of tunate countries and under happier combi- one race over another. Though not openly nations of circumstances, have labored, acknowledged, this was generally felt at from principle, to infuse, a democratic spirit the time. When Christophe, or Henry I., into society-we mean an impatience of the humane and benevolent' monarch of inferiority. In them, however, this feeling the Quarterly,' who was so eminently diswas associated with none of the nobler im- tinguished in the exercise of all the social pulses of our nature. They were a bruised, virtues, and so strict in the observance of degraded, unhumanized set of beings, sud- all the duties of morality and religion,' bedenly, and as if by magic, relieved from gan to grow old, he determined to make their chains. This liberation was the re- the citadel of La Ferriere one of the strongsult of no profound conviction of wrong in est fortresses in the world. Men and wotheir own minds. Oppression and tyranny men were employed upon it, as on the great had elaborated for them no theory of the public works of Mohammed Ali, and forced rights of man. They saw the door of their to labor with such severity that it was calcage open, and, like tigers, slipped out to culated that every stone cost the life of a rend and tear those who had confined them. human being. Among the rest Captain It was consistent with their nature that they Agendeau, with thirty other colored men, should seek to wipe out every trace of their was compelled to join in dragging stones

up the steep sides of the mountain, because which we fear will only terminate when two of his race had deserted to Pétion. On they shall become the sole possessors of the every occasion possible this 'humane' king island, took a step in advance in 1843.— evinced his hatred to the descendants of Since then it has made rapid progress every the whites. At one time they feared a gen- day, and will continue leaving a track of eral extermination, and the mulatto women blood behind until the consummation we of Cape Haytien met in the great church have predicted. to offer up prayers for the black monarch's At any rate it is not from France that downfall. No sooner did this reach his Hayti must look for its political regeneraears than a company of soldiers was ordered tion. It must never again come within the to make domiciliary visits. The unfortu- sphere of the pernicicus influence of that nate women were torn from their families, power. It can never do so but by war, and taken to a retired spot about a mile from a war of the most terrific description. The the city, and there butchered. Their present unprincipled attempts of Louis bodies were thrown into a well, still called Philippe to disturb the island, already, the well of death,' of the water of which alas! sufficiently disturbed,-show a denobody until this day will drink. This per- sire if not to conquer, yet to revenge the secution of the mulattoes by the king was former defeats of the French armies. But intended to operate in his favor with the they must be classed with the rancor exmajority of the people, the blacks; and he hibited by the French inhabitants of Japlaced so much reliance on this resource, maica to the fugitives of Aux Cayes, as imthat, when all other means had failed, he potent to effect any great result. The subthought it sufficient to issue an order for jection of Hayti would be even more diffithe massacre of the colored race to regain cult than that of Algiers. Twenty battles his popularity. But it was too late. He would not decide the affair. The discomhad not been exclusive in his tyranny, and fited blacks would lay aside the musket and Boyer besides was advancing with an army. take to the torch and the dagger. They The result is well known. Christophe fell would devastate their fields, burn their by his own hand; and the conqueror, with plantations, give their towns up to the the idea of the rivalry of races ever present flames, and if finally overcome, would beto his mind, immediately sent his troop of queath nothing but a desert to the victor. African descent to the south, where, at The antipathy of the blacks, in fact, to that time, his own race was predominant, French dominion is unconquerable. They and his colored regiments to the north, to have been injured past forgiveness. Their keep down the black population. That traditions teem with nothing but the horthis precaution was wise will be acknow-rors of slavery. ledged by those who have observed that every attempt made against him, during the early part of his rule, was concocted and led by blacks, who in his triumph saw their own defeat.

A rapid coup-d'œil over the state of the island, in the early part of 1842, will show that every thing was prepared for a civil commotion; and that an accident only was wanted to precipitate it. In the first place, The expulsion of Boyer, though he was as we have before hinted, the government, succeeded by another mulatto, was virtual- though in form free, was in reality_little ly a reaction of the negro population against better than a downright tyranny. No authe rival race, because it was brought about thority but that of Boyer was recognized, by a black army or mob. The result also and where his grasp relaxed there was none would have been the choice of a black pres- to replace it. The miniature houses of ident had not Herard, a man of great abil- parliament were completely under his conity and influence, procured his own electrol; he could silence or expel obnoxious tion by intrigue backed by menaces. Eight members at pleasure. The courts of justenths of Boyer's troops were black, but tice even were not free from his influence; these West Indian sipahis were officered and it was the custom to dig the graves of by mulattoes. Such a state of things could persons accused of treason against the state not be expected to continue in a country before they were tried. Hayti was a monwhere any of the principles of republican- archy tempered not by songs, but by the ism were recognized in theory, however feebleness of the executive. Cultivation they might be violated in practice. The and commerce, which had gradually been great struggle indeed which began with on the decline since the separation of the the first introduction of the blacks, and island from the French crown, reached

nearly the lowest possible ebb. The vast plain in the east called La Despoblada, or the Unpeopled, had become almost characteristic of the island. Plantations occurred only here and there in the midst of jungle or deserts; and the coffee in most places had run wild among the woods, an experienced planter having calculated that one tree would not produce more than two pounds of coffee in the husk. A general confusion pervaded the island. It was like the house of a fraudulent bankrupt given up to the pillage of his servants.

the state of Hayti during the latter years of Boyer's government. Mr. Candler's volume, published in 1842, and the work of M. Schoelcher, furnish the best accounts; but the opinions of the first mentioned gentleman were too much influenced by his honorable aversion for slavery to be impartial. He endeavored to persuade himself that the Haytiens were to a certain extent happy, and that they would work out peaceably a reform in their institutions. Results have proved his mistake; and if he had suffered himself to contemplate with a little more During such a state of things it was not coolness the political aspect of the island, to be expected that the exchequer would be he might have foreseen what actually ocin a very prosperous condition. However, curred. Society, he would have discoverwe find that about two millions and a half ed, was still tremulous from the shock imof Haytien dollars were annually extracted parted to it by the French Revolution, and from the people, a great portion of which the vibrations striking upon hearts differwent to the support of an absurdly large ently attuned by circumstances, produced army, not to be depended on, as subsequent strange discord. It required no very fine events have proved, and actually disbanded ear to detect on every side, rising above the for two weeks out of every three. During turmoil and clamor of daily business, the this time the major part gained an honest or echoes of 1793. Theories of government dishonest livelihood in the neighborhood of suggested as alleviations of temporary and head-quarters, while some few went to cul- local evils occupied the minds of the most tivate their estate in the mountains! This, speculative; but it was more common to however, they could not very effectually do, encounter an unreasoning discontent with having to present themselves once in every the present, exhaling itself in lowly mutseven days of their furlough. The other tered threats against society and plans of establishments of the state were on the reform by the strong hand at once unwise same scale, and conducted in the same and reprehensible. The great evil-nameslovenly manner. The church subsisted ly, the distinction of races-few had courage on enormous though irregular fees, and to contemplate face to face; but if any were was anxious only to multiply occasions of so daring, the result was not any scheme receiving them, actually baptizing door- for assimilating the two; but on the part posts, houses, and boats, for a considera- of the mulattoes a sort of yearning after tion! Morals, as may be supposed, were in an aristocracy of color, on the part of the accordance with this state of things. We blacks a wild desire of vengeance, an appehave no space for details; but one fact will tite for massacre tending to the total extirspeak for itself. Children born out of wed-pation of the objects of jealousy. These lock were calculated to be three in every feelings, it was said, Boyer was himself so four. culpable as to encourage. Divide et imThe distribution of wealth, especially if pera became in reality his motto. In the it coincide with that of races, is not an un- beginning of his reign he was the repreimportant consideration in any state. In sentative of the colored race. Towards the Hayti, property was in the hands, to a cer- close, finding these advancing in knowtain extent, of the mulattoes. At least ledge, and desiring reform and an abridgthese formed the majority of the opulent ment of his authority, it suited his policy inhabitants. There were doubtless many to foment to a certain extent the prejudices blacks possessed of wealth; but as a gen- of the blacks against the mulattoes, and eral rule this ignorant and savage race lived almost wild among the mountains, never coming in contact with the government, except under the provisions of the Code Rurale, by which labor was made compulsory in this free country.

It would have been a curious story for a philosopher to have examined completely

even against the whites. Towards the English he was always decidedly hostile, probably because his former rival, Christophe, looked on them with a friendly eye, and even attempted to extirpate the French language by causing English alone to be taught in his schools. Three weeks before his abdication, he issued a proclamation

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