can convince me, that, after Christ and the apostle
had commanded me not to swear, they altered that
command, and commanded Christians to swear, ye
shall see I will swear. There being many priests
in the court, I said, "If ye cannot do it, let your
priests stand up and do it." But not one of the
priests made answer.'
Judge.
you?'

"G. Fox. Ye have had sufficient experience of men's swearing, and thou hast seen how the justices and jury had sworn wrong the other day; and if thou had'st read in the Book of Martyrs, how many of them had refused to swear, both in the time of the ten persecutions and in Bishop Bonner's days, thou mightest see, that to deny Oh! all the world cannot convince swearing in obedience to Christ's command was no new thing.'

plete success of the previous application to will swear to a lie. Qur courts of justice the king on his account, it is remarkable that daily give us examples of witnesses who Fox should not have written earlier; for he swear to speak the whole truth, and yet go seems at all times to have had a kind and into the witness-box determined to suppress Christian feeling towards his sovereign, and such part of the truth as shall weaken the to have expected justice at his hands. cause of the party who has subpoenaed them; a signal proof that the bad man is not bound by an oath; and every one knows that the good man requires no oath to induce him to speak the truth.

world." This light they regard as greater than the Scripture itself, because the source whence those Scriptures flowed; and the influence of this inward light is a fundamental doctrine of Quakerism.

We cannot resist the temptation, in this place, of calling the reader's attention to the leading subject discussed between Fox and his judges-the taking of an oath. Of the value of such an oath nothing can possibly Whatever opinions may be held by the speak more decidedly than the fact that ma- world concerning the Quakers of the present gistrates and jury, on the occasion in ques- day, and whatever judgment the Quakers tion, deliberately swore to false statements may deserve at our hands, there can be no -not knowing them to be false, certainly, doubt that Fox and his followers were imbut not caring to inquire or know whether bued with the spirit of Christianity; that they they were true certain statements, techni- were clear-headed, single-minded men, who cally false, are laid before them, and to the preached the gospel in all sincerity, influenctruth of these they unhesitatingly swear, ed solely by the idea that such preaching was as a matter of course. It is not for us to required at their hands; that they were simenforce the unlawfulness of swearing, in a re-ply yielding to that inward spiritual light ligious sense, as pointed out by Fox, and as spoken of by St. John as "the light which still maintained by the entire Quaker body; lighteth every man that cometh into the we object to it as tending to narrow the foundations of moral obligation; and we regard the maintenance of the law on this subject at the present day, and the refusal to receive any evidence except on oath, however contrary to the conscientious feelings It must, however, be observed, that the of the witness, as a relic of barbarism which belief in this inward light is professed also by we shall rejoice to see destroyed. Quakers every sect of Christians; but Quakers seem and Moravians, by their successful appeals to to stand out from the rest in having real faith parliament, are exempt from a compulsory in its existence. Did not this difference disobedience to a Divine command; but all exist we should not find theological disputothers are compelled to disobey, or to have ants alluding in derision to the Quaker terms their evidence refused as unworthy of credit. of "being guided by the inward light," or We are well aware that a difference of opi- being "moved by the Holy Spirit." Much nion obtains as to the precise meaning of the misapprehension has occurred as to the Triwords, "Swear not at all," whether they nitarian views of the Society from the fact refer to profane or judicial swearing; but, in that the term Trinity is rarely if ever used the absence of any evidence that Christ refer- in the sermons or works of their teachred exclusively to either kind of oath, those ers. The omission appears not to result can hardly err who conscientiously take the from any disbelief in the celebrated and elawords as written, without attempting any borately discussed verse in St. John,* which explanation; and surely to such, whether is taken as the authority for the doctrine, Catholic, Protestant, or Dissenter, the right for concerning this verse, all Quaker writers should be given to take the affirmation in- agree in considering it explanatory of the stead of the oath. We would not enjoin on entire spirit of the New Testament. The any the observance of a command to which question of its authenticity is not discussed, they can conscientiously assign some other because if it be a true explanation or summeaning than the words appear to convey; mary of a doctrine already received as truth, but those who take the more obvious reading it matters but little whether the explanation of the passage ought not to rest until they are were given with the text, or subsequently. freed from a compulsory violation of the dic- They assert that the word Trinity is not of tates of conscience. On moral grounds we Scripture origin, and therefore has no Dicannot understand how any man who views vine authority for its use. The charge that this subject with unsophisticated eyes can the Quakers doubted or denied the Divinity take a view different from our own. There of Christ was met by Penn, Barclay, and all lives not the man whose oath corroborates his assertion. If a man is determined to lie he

* John v., 7.

the more able writers of the sect. No sect is less liable to such a charge, and there is none which makes implicit faith in Christ a more constant and important theme of exhortation.

Fox as a man of inflexible integrity, of invincible courage, of perfect sincerity, of indomitable perseverance, of real piety, and of unquestionable loyalty: an unflinching friend, a forgiving enemy, a true subject, and A few words as to the mode in which above all, a perfect Christian. Imagination, Mr. Marsh has acquitted himself of his task. in all its vagaries, had rarely succeeded in It was no ordinary undertaking to compile drawing so spotless a character. There is such a life of Fox as should be readable to one point, and only one, in which we would the public. What had previously been venture to differ from our author, and that written concerning this remarkable man ap- is the tone in which he speaks of the Romish pears to have been designed more for the use church: the frequent allusion to the memof the Society itself than for the world at bers of this church, as "papists," is uncalled large; and is rendered so prolix, if we may for; it answers no good purpose, and must use the term, by detailed accounts of meet-be offensive to many. Mr. Marsh is, we ings, that many who began the task of believe, a member of the Church of Engperusal in the spirit of fair inquiry, would land: he writes with perfect candor of relinquish it from a distaste to the almost Quakerism: why should he seek to dispaunintelligible repetitions. Mr. Marsh's rage a faith so much more nearly allied to volume is the reverse of prolix; it has no his own, and one which at the present morepetitions to render it distasteful, and gives ment seems spreading her arms to receive just so much of the history of Fox as is his own, through the friendly portals of essential to the understanding and just ap- Puseyism? K. preciation of his character. He represents

From the London Quarterly.

JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN PORTUGAL.

THE little visited and less known strip of country to the West of the Peninsula, which rejoices in the title of an independent kingdom, produces other matters besides Portugal onions, Port wine, and periodical revolutions of which the two former are better to be discussed elsewhere, and the latter may be dismissed as tempests in a teacup. In a recent number (CLVII.) we paid our homage to the drama of Lusitania: and we now invite the attention of our readers to its scenery and social life, as sketched for us in the Journal of an accomplished artist: her pen light and ready, her pencil true and facile, and both equally obedient to the mistress mind. What eye, indeed, like bright woman's can see the nice shades of differences, the infinite details which constitute character in the aggregate, whether in the works of the creation or in its so-called lords? What appliance of art can fix chameleon impressions as they arise, better than crowquill guided by taper fingers, which skim over gilt-edged paper like butterflies busied with flowers, now lured by color, now by perfume, pausing but to ex

tract the essential sweet, and then away to beauties new? Even so in these slim tomes there is no tedious twice-told tale. Here is "pleasant reading," as Scott says of some earlier rara avis, "with no botheration about statistics and geology"-the dry daily bread of our critical treadmill.

For the poetical and picturesque features of Portugal, our fair tourist came well prepared: a keen perception of the beautiful could not but be hereditary in the blood which rumor assigns her cradled in the bosom of beauty at Grasmere, reared at the knees of the genius loci, her memory ever recurs to the scenes of her youth; and whether she climbs the wild sierra, or fords the arrowy torrents of a foreign land, the scaurs and streams of Cumberland reappear, clad in a southern garb thus the enjoyment of the present is heightened by the poetry of the past, and Cintra itself becomes doubly delicious, because associated with the sweetest of English homes.

We hope we may be pardoned these allusions to a popular report, which certainly seems to derive confirmation from the inter

-'s in

nal evidence of thought and taste. But at This" private and confidential” reserve is any rate we must give our readers at start- extended to mute mountains and streams ing such a general notion of the new Portu- which, however babbling, are seldom sensiguese pilgrims as can be gathered from the tively alive to the fear of being named and scattered hints of the book itself, for it compromised. Thus a striking point of does not open with a distinct catalogue view is alluded to frequently as "D's raisonné like Father Chaucer's, and the station." With all respect to Dmore is the pity. The predisposition to be obtrusive judgment, surely the reality of pleased resulting from a previous acquaint- the Devil's Peak, or any undiplomatic part ancy, spreads birdlime over the pages of a of his person or property, is preferable. journal: we travel hand-in-hand with one Again, when the avowed topic is the resemknown to us, sharing alike joys and sor-blance between some Portuguese and Engrows; an interest is given to the log-book, lish height, the Cambrian mount mocks us be it ever so long, and a life infused into under the cloud of " —" (i. 141); while the jokes, be they ever so drowsy. On the Helvellyn, by the magic of a name, would other hand, sad and serious is the change have fixed and identified the comparison. which comes over the spirit when dealing Let us hope that these alpine mists will be with the unknown; only compare the pri- blown away in the second edition, and every vate delight with which the " memoranda blank converted into a prize.. of my last tour" are submitted to by dutiful Meanwhile No. 1 is the arithmetical wife and daughter, with the weariness of equivalent of letter I, which represents the the flesh public, which has no predilections, authoress, and le style fait la dame. Kind, when the tourist, yielding to family pres- considerate, and gentle, she unites to a serisure, rushes into type, the dispeller of do- ous mind a cheerful temper and a lively mestic illusions. Be it noted, then, that imagination; a healthy tone runs, like a the party in the present instance consisted vein of silver, through her narrative, which of four persons, a wedded pair who chape- is free from any alloy of affectation or false ron an unmarried couple; they wish, how sentimentality. Nor is she a smellfungus ever, to travel incognito, for the names of searching for weeds where roses grow, or these loving, galloping, eating, drinking, setting down everything a wilderness from and thinking beings are only shadowed by Braga to Barcelona. With our happily initials, or mystified by vacuums, which na- constituted student in Nature's school, every ture abhors. Unknown values may indeed sense becomes an inlet to pure enjoyment; be expressed as it pleases the wise in alge- and we shall see that bra, but Hymen, Cupid, and critics protest against such hieroglyphics as W plus H for wives and husbands, or I minus U for bachelors and spinsters. Unsightly dashes, by breaking continuity of text, worry a reader's eye no less than the meaningless Ever on the look-out for the excellent, her gaps weary his mind; and the adventures eye is blind only to errors, her heart open of Alphabet in search of the picturesque are tiresome as allegory, better than the best of which, said Dr. Johnson, is the portrait of even a dog that we know. Individuality swampt by consonants becomes an X Y Z at the coffee-house; the best women in the world, when designated by vowels, have no character at all. We object altogether to such sentences as follow, which spot many a page in these volumes:

"The meanest floweret of the Dale,
The simplest note that swells the gale,
The common sun, the air, the skies,
To her are opening Paradise."

to every virtue. An unclouded ray of her own sunshine within gilds every discomfort, which, trying on such a tour to the iron frame of man, is borne with unrepining patience by a woman-and this too, as she gracefully says an invalid who had only left her native hills for a warmer climate, as a rain-vexed bird comes out from the wood to dry its feathers, and take a strong flight home again." The balmy south has, we rejoice to infer, strengthened the plumage of this stricken dove; she has happily winged her way back to her Cumbrian nest, and cut down her feathers into excellent pens, as her lord, tired of war's alarms, seems to have previously moulded his sword into plough-shares. He, too, must accept

our congratulations on his partner's conva- | days, after the immortal Dalgetty's practice, lescence. A sick wife curtails marriage of all went on smoothly as a marriage bell, many comforts, and perplexes even a model- and the commander-in-chief cracked his husband-which the husband of this tour joke and bottle to his own and everyevidently is, in the opinion of the most com- body's content; but when matters turned petent judge. Bold, brave, and deserving out wrong, as will happen in that lardless, of the fair, he sustains throughout the one-mulish, Moorish land, the great Captain was rous character of man-of-all-work, fighting not to be trifled with :— and paying for all, as John Bull (we need not tell him) generally does when roaming. "Our evil genius, in this pleasant ramble, the in the Peninsula. The lady dutifully and muleteer, is always drinking-always in a rage. duly designates him as "our commanding fish and obstreperous churl, he should thenceforth officer;" and we admire in limine his always go on foot-adding that he would break marching orders :-"Leave your band- his head if he saw him make another attempt to boxes behind at home, and take nothing mount that mule while she was in our service. that you can do without: economy is the The muleteer dropt astern."-P. 102. life of the army" (i. 43). Short and

Mr.

now told him that as he was such a sel

"Tel brille au second rang qui s'éclipse au pre

sweet this, and no mistake, as F. M. would There is an instinctive persuasion in your say; but to a married and locomotive gen-grimacing foreigner that a quiet Englishman tleman, a lady plus bag and minus maid is who civilly intimates that he shall be obliga pearl of price. Our old soldier, next to ed to knock him down, will be as good as studying the diminution of baggage, medi- his word. Indeed this capital menace was tates on the increase of the commissariat-found to be so effective, that it was ever "subsistence having always been the diffi- after resorted to by others, and at last beculty" in Spain and Portugal, as F. M. came proverbial as "Mr.'s expresdiscovered when ridding them from Gaul's sion" (i. 104). Its propounder was all locust host. Whatever poets may predi- Demosthenes in action if not in unadorned cate of the golden produce of the gardens of eloquence, when compared to his adjutant, Hesperia, in these prosaic days, stones are "Mr. -, sleepy, dreamy, Dumby-blindy, more abundant there than loaves and fishes; as we often jestingly call him" (i., 65):hunger, not Harvey, is the best sauce, and knives are more plentiful than forks or blackberries. In this land of prayer and fasting, for one kitchen there are five hun- Full of the milk of human kindness, there dred altars, for one cook a thousand priests, was no souring this sweet Dumby-blindyinsomuch that an eminent French savant deaf alike to the quips and cranks of female and Membre de l'Institut has pronounced tongues, as proof to the pitiless pelting of the cuisinier Espagnol to be a pure mythos. man's wit. Many were the tricks upon tra"At end to the provend" is the essence of vellers which his absent, awkward habits Peninsular guide-books, which this "com- suggested:-" perched" at one time" on manding officer" also has evidently digest- a tall brown Rosinante, whose hip-bones ed, for the wholesome effects are evident protruded awfully ;" another time flounthroughout the pages of his faithful Gur-dering out of his bed like a drowsy porwoodina;-e. g. poise.' But the winds that sweep across the gulf which now parts him from his fair persecutors, waft an amende that will make

་

asked

mier."

for all. Manos blancas no ofenden; white hands can do no wrong, and some wounds which ladies inflict they alone can cure.

"We made our way to an English lodging; house; unluckily it was full. Mr. for breakfast, at all events.' up Certainly. "Vol. i., p. 136. "In Senhor Gwe found a highly intelligent companion. He sent us some wine in the morning, and also two bottles of Scotch ale, which one of our two cavaliers stowed away for future service, as a juice far more precious in this latitude than champagne or tokay. Put that down in your journal,' said Mr.What? The two bottles of ale, and the good fellow who sent them us.' So here they are duly recorded." -Vol. i., p. 53.

"The dreamy, quiet, clever Mr. H— is gone far, far away to the New World. When last we heard of him, he was among the smart men' who dwell in Natchez. I should not be at all surprised, when next we receive tidings of him, to learn that he is smoking his cigar among the Choctaw or Chickasaw Indians. I hope he is not as irrecoverably gone from us as the treacherous When thus victualled with vivers for three bonds of Mississippi. If these pages should ever