THE LONSDALIAN.

NO. V.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE THERMOMETER.

in consequence, be sooner raised to a given temperature,
when the irradiation or liberation of caloric is alike freely
exposed, than bulbs of mercury of larger capacities. Be-
sides two bulbs of unequal capacities must, for the above
reason, vary in their rapidity of ascent, and therefore in
the time of ascent, where the range in the tubes is the
same, as was noticed in the two thermometers above men-
tioned.

The second inference is, that thermometers with small
bulbs are superior to thermometers with large bulbs. Be.
cause, from the above principles, they keep pace more
nearly with the changes of temperature than the others;
and, therefore, give a more correct indication of the de-
grees thereof; or it seems that an impossibility exists in
the most correctly-constructed thermometers of showing
the very exact temperature of the atmosphere; except only
in the very few instances in which the temperature of the
air has been the same for some perceptibly determinate
space of time.

In addition to the above, we made some other observations upon the thermometer, which have some connection with meteorology. During the continuance of our comparisons of the thermometers, we noticed, that when snow approached, if the station of the mercury was considerably below the freezing point, and it continued to rise gradually during the fall of the snow, whatever was the direction of the prevailing current of the atmosphere, a thaw was invariably the consequence. But if the station was only at the freezing point during the approach of a fall of snow, and the mercury descended during the fall, frost succeeded. The thermometer, therefore, might be used as an index of the weather as well as the barometer; and, from what we noticed, in some instances an approaching change in the weather was sooner indicated by the thermometer, in the above manner, than by the barometer.

There are anomalies almost in every thing; in natural and experimental philosophy, as well as in the idiom of all languages. In the autumn of the last year, we constructed two thermometers, for the sole purpose of attempting experiments therewith, in the liberation of caloric from different chemical mixtures. The bores of the two tubes selected for the purpose varied much in their dimensions; but, by a casualty in blowing the bulbs, which was very extraordinary, the ranges of the two thermometers, when constructed, were found to be exactly similar. Of course the two bulbs were exactly proportioned in their capacities to the difference of dimension in the bores; and the difference of the quantities of mercury injected was in the same ratio. During the experiments, little variation was observed in the thermometers when compared; only that the thermometer containing the less quantity of mercury was more rapid in its ascents and descents, and, where the caloric was not very sensibly excited, stood nearly a degree higher. When we had finished our experiments, we assigned to the two thermometers proximate situations in the open air, at a proper distance from the house, and with equally northern aspects. When the winter frost commenced, we visited our thermometers frequently; and were, in some degree, surprised to observe a variation, which, from the exactness of the scales, we could not at first account for. Imagining that we had made some mistake in taking the leading points, we again subjected the two tubes to the same process, the first time we found the barometer at the same elevation that it was at in the preceding case; and found both points correctly taken, and all the intervening points on each scale corresponding. The cause of this anomaly, if anamoly it be, appears to And to ascertain the correctness of the two tubes, we had us to be the following:-The atmosphere is known to be passed mercury through them both, and chosen them charged with vapour in an invisibly expanded state; and solely on account of their being the most equally drawn of experiments have proved that its power of absorbing and any we had in our collection. This led us to a more strict retaining vapour in this state is augmented in a certain observation of them. We visited them regularly every progressive ratio as the temperature of the air is elevated. day at seven o'clock in the mornir.g, at twelve, and at five This is the reason why evaporation is much more rapid in the evening, and frequently at other irregular intervals, in summer than in winter. Now, if two equal volumes, whenever we had the opportunity, and whenever we had of air of different temperatures, each in a state of saturareason to suppose a change rapidly taking place in the tem- tion of vapour, be commingled, the capacity of the mixperature of the atmosphere. In the morning, we invariably ture, for retaining vapour, will be found to be not so great found the thermometer containing the less quantity of as the mean temperature of the mixture might lead a mercury lower than the other, unless a thaw was approach-person to expect; therefore, a portion of vapour will be ing during the day, and then it was always higher. At liberated, and form a visible cloud in the mixture; and, noon too this less-bulbed thermometer was invariably if the extremes of the temperatures of the two portions higher than the other; and in the evening they were not be very distant, the condensation of vapour will become unfrequently at the same point. At all other visits at ir- so great as to generate water. This in some degree may regular periods, if the air was settled, we found the varia. be applied as a cause of the formation of clouds, and the tions corresponding with the distance of time from our generation of rain, in the atmosphere. Different causes, regular visits, except occasionally, when we found them at and different situations of the parts of the atmosphere to the same elevation. When the air was unsettled and in- the sun, occasion and maintain a continual variety of temdicative of an approaching change, the less-bulbed ther-peratures therein. As the gravity varies with the temmometer always took the lead of the other, both in being more perceptibly affected, and in always being more rapid in its ascent or descent, until it had arrived at the maximum or minimum of the change.

converted into rain, according to the degree in the varia-
tion of the temperature of the two currents of air. This
may also take place if a warmer or colder current of air
commingle with a settled air.

perature, different currents and motions will be produced; and different directions in the course of these currents take place. Hence when two currents of different temperatures, each fully saturated according to its capacity Two inferences seem to be deducible hence. The first, with vapour, come together,—and that equilibrium, which that bulbs of moderate capacities, with corresponding ca- principally caused the currents, require them to coalesce, pacities of tubes, are more sensible than bulbs of larger-vapour will be liberated, and form either a cloud or be capacities, with corresponding capacities of tubes. Because it seems that caloric is absorbed, by the mercury, according to the quantity of surface exposed; and the quantity of surface, in small spheres, is greater, in proportion to their solid contents, than in larger spheres. This is evident from their respective ratios; the ratios of surface being only the duplicate of the respective diameters, while the ratios of the solid contents being the triplicate ratios of the respective diameters. Therefore, small spheres absorb caloric much more rapidly, in proportion to their solid capacities, than it is possible for larger spheres to do; and, of course, bulbs of mercury of small capacities will,

Thus we see that rain or clouds may be occasioned by

two different causes-either when a colder air mingles
with a warmer air and reduces the temperature and capa-
city for vapour of the mixture, or vice versa, when a
warmer air mingles with a colder, and elevates the tem-
perature, and loses its capacity for vapour by the mixture.
As these mixtures do not, and cannot, take place in a
moment, they must continue to affect the thermometer

To Correspondents.

FRENCH AND ITALIAN LITERATURE. We are very desirous of obtaining foreign publications, especially periodical works on polite literature, for the purpose of making original translations for the Kaleidoscope, as we are now doing with Let Hermites en Prison. If any of our readers can put us in th way of obtaining our object without subjecting ourselve to enormous or unnecessary expense, we shall be much obliged for the service. Perhaps some correspondent con inform us, whether there are any superior works in Pari similar to our best English magazines.

The investigation, to which we alluded last week,
on progressively, and with all practicable speed.
ing to the system we have recently adopted, the fate
communications of our correspondents will be decided me
promptly than has hitherto been practicable. When
have made up all arrears, we wish it to be understood.
that, if any article is acknowledged and does not shertzi
afterwards appear, without some reason being in the m
time assigned for its postponement, such article me
considered as declined. This mode of conveying the hat
is the most delicate we can conceive, and is mochure
agreeable to us than assigning reasons for the rejectist, of
any piece.

Letters or parcels not received, unless free of charg

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haust himself in vain lamentations, in complaints of the partiality of God, and imprecations against the injustice of man; but he calmly observes :-" It is not in thy power to be rich, but the care of thy happiness is in thine own hands. Wealth is not always a good; at the best 1.20 | Translated expressly for the Kaleidoscope, from "Les it is a blessing of short duration; but the happiness which Hermites en Prison."] wisdom bestows lasts for ever."

I fear that I should vainly wish to attain this high deThe question is, what course of conduct I am to pursue gree of perfection. Stoicism commands us to beware of in these circumstances? Moral philosophers alone can anger as a passion fatal in its effects, and unworthy of satisfy my curiosity in this respect. I have often con philosophy; but I am inclined, like Alcestes, to vent my alted them in the seclusion of my cell, and I have tho-rage in curses against mankind. There are evils to which Cly examined their systems: I have met with only I have great difficulty to reconcile myself. I cannot, 150 worthy of attention; and I long hesitated between the without the greatest watchfulness, prevent the explosion Beet of Epicurus and that of Zeno. of my feelings; they are for ever escaping from my lips; my pen is perpetually betraying them; but, obedient to the precept of Crates, I am constantly endeavouring to control myself, and I do not despair of becoming as patient as Epictetus himself.

GERMAN LITERATURE.

TO THE EDITOR.

-

SIR,-It would be extremely difficult for me to decide on the exact degree of submission, with which a loyal and patriotic Englishman ought to receive the oracles of the Quarterly Review: but I am free to declare, that, with myself they go no further than truth and reason will war. rant; and I beg leave to enter my protest against a sentence which has been pronounced in the last number.

nals.

good houses there, they have also produced the same effect
in England and France; consequently, the Germans are,
at all events, not worse than their neighbours; for if the
latter are not ashamed to enjoy the translations, the former
cannot be so very wrong in being pleased with the origi-
It would have been more interesting and instructive, if
the erudite Editor had examined how it comes, that Ger-
many is now able to contribute to the amusement of other
nations, whilst, up to the middle of the last century, that
country could scarcely have boasted of a theatre at all?

attend the matins, and accompanied the friars in proces sion to the chapel, which is built over the sepulchre, in the centre of the edifice. The friars followed each of slow procession, holding up massy lighted wax candles, and singing in an affecting strain; which being accompanied by the deep and solemn sounds of the organ, contrib to elevate and fill the soul with sentiments of inexpres sible awe. After participating in the worship, where I admit, that, in the feelings of that moment, allir ligious differences was lost, I accompanied the Lan in the same order, to their cell, where coffee was s and remained till day-light, in order to examined "So many descriptions have been given of this

church.

tion here one syllable respecting it.

I know that you are not in the habit of interfering with The task would have proved a very pleasing one to an edifice by travellers, that it is almost unnecessary the publications of your cotemporaries: but the present Englishman; because he would have found, that the rise case will perhaps suffer an exception; because it would of the German drama dates from the time of its being not be a very easy matter to get my remonstrance admit- modelled according to nature and Shakspeare. I sincerely ted by the London folks, and I trust that you will, never-wish, that this piece of information may not have a bad influence upon your Christian humility, but, whether or theless, think it of sufficient importance to be produced.

You are aware of the heavy charge which is made against the Spartans, and in what an awkward predicament their virtue stands with those who believe in the story of the Lad and the Fox. On the strength of this anecdote, they are accused of having encouraged theft; and, as the assertion has been made in Greek and Latin, some people would think it alunost an impiety to doubt the correctness of such an inference: although it might be stated that the boy was probably rewarded for his heroism in suffering the gnawing of the animal, rather than for his dexterity in concealing it. In the mean time it would be a hard task to attempt a justification of the Lacedemonians against so many of the learned, who have found them guilty; and I will confine myself, for the present, to the refutation of a similar verdict against a modern nation, lest that become classical too, considering the high authority by which it has been given.

no, it is a fact.

"The church, founded on Mount Calvary, is ab hundred paces in length, and sixty in width; and to prepare the mount or hill for its reception, it w necessary to cut away portions, and raise it in othe this operation, care was taken that those parts of the where the crucifixion took place should not be to wo so that, it will be observed, this spot is considerably t than the floor of the church, to which there is a twenty one steps. This sacred spot may be roma to thirty yards square, and gaudily ornamented; there is an altar, with lamps always illuminating it tomb itself, which at one time was a cave or got ground, formed by an excavation of rock, nay sidered at present as above it, the rock surrour dir: ing been removed.

The Germans had long been diligent and successful classical scholars, and yet they had derived but few advantages from their studies, in as far as productions in their own language were concerned. Their acquaintance with the French master-pieces availed them still less in that respect, and it was not until they became initiated into the mysterics of English literature that they discovered what was likely to answer for themselves, They then tried not to copy Shakspeare, but to express their own sentiments as he had expressed his; without being over-anxious whether they were at all times, in strict conformity with the prescriptions of Aristote or Madame La Regle. All the eminent men, whom Germany has since produced, were more or less familiar with the British authors, and some were enthusiastic admirers of your own favourite bard; the biographer of Schiller says, that this poet had been no remarkable proficient in the classics, but that he The far-famed editor of the above-named Review treats had continued, during several years, to make Shakspeare's his readers with an article of 25 pages on French comedy; works almost his exclusive study; and Schiller has, per. and he puts at the head of it the title of seven new French haps, given more proofs of real genius than any of his Christians of all nations, and access tuber ever, is amply made up by remarks on the various an. countrymen; particularly when it is considered, that some the Turks from every person who enters the eient and modern theatres; and it cannot be denied, that of his pieces were written at an early age, and others under the depression of bad health.

plays, about which he says nothing. This deficiency, how

much interesting and amusing matter is produced; although a little less flippancy in the judgments would be no disgrace to the performance. The German stage is also honoured with an occasional glance, and the following ob

servation is made on that head.

"The desire of being unlike all the world has prompted the Germans to put sophistry into action, to exonse every species of immorality. We remember to have seen a German play, Verbrechen aus Ehre: the crime committed out of honour; in which a man, to pay a debt of honour, breaks open a scrutoire and steals a sum of money, which he faithfully hands over to the creditor."

Upon this I have to remark:

First-That the great man gives a wrong translation of the title, by mistaking Ehre for Ehrsucht: the former neans honour, and the latter signifies ambition; which is not altogether the same thing.

Second. That the title (even if it were defective) would prove nothing against the morality of the piece.

Third. That the folly of an author, or even of a score of authors, would prove nothing against a nation at large; because there are fools every where.

Fourth. That the play which the writer of the article has seen, without understanding it, is a very well-written piece of Mr. Jflands's, which exhibits the folly and wickedness of people, who are anxious to move in a sphere for which they are not calculated, and for which they have no lawful means. The man who commits the deed, in question, brings disgrace upon himself, ruin upon his mother, and premature death upon his father; is this encouraging vice? There is perhaps a little more trath in what is said about some of Goethe's and Kotzebue's works; but it had all heen said before. The last mentioned author can be no where more severely critized than he has been in his own country and if his dramas have, nevertheless, brought

The Germans have no desire of being unlike all the
world; but the Greeks and Romans had their peculiarities,
and neither Britons nor Frenchmen would like to resign
theirs; why then should the Germans? They have surely
as good a right to judge for themselves as other people;
and nobody is obliged to coincide with them against his
own sentiments. The systems which are broached in their
country are much less likely to have a pernicious effect on
society, than those which are started elsewhere; because
they must stand or fall by their own merit, and there is
no national partiality to back them. A Vienna imprimatur
is no passport to celebrity in Berlin. or in Leipzig; and it is
not in Germany as it is in England or in France, where
success depends very often on accidental patronage; and
where people in the provinces dare sometimes neither
praise nor blame against the decision of the metropolis;
or where they get their opinions ready made from their
favourite journal, carefully refraining from the puzzling
and troublesome operation of examining both sides of a
question.I am, most respectfully, yours,
Liverpool, Jan. 30, 1824.

The Traveller.

FROM WILSON'S TRAVELS.

HOMO.

"Being determined to assist at the early morning prayers in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, our author passed the night in the Latin convent, whither he repaired at five o'clock, after Vespers, and when the doors were about to be shut for the evening. He was courteously received, and supped and conversed with the friars.

I was conducted to an upper cell, where I reposed for the night in my clothes, on a frame of wood, intended as a bed. Next morning, at three o'clock, I was roused to

The general form of the church, and to which the pulchre gives the name, considering that rete the world where it is founded, and all cireur spacious and magnificent; the order of Corine tecture prevails. Is is in the form of a car, heavy dome or a cupola, similar to ore over the office in Edinburgh, the frame of which is fors cedar of Lebanon; and although light is racave it) the top, yet is not sufficiently clear, but altogethers I did not learn it there were vaults underneath ber of places are pointed out in different parts, liarly sacred, in each of which certain cerem formed respecting the sufferings of our Le are cells or apartments for the reception due &

tained by a single door, where a tax is res

which amounts annually to a very considerati en
the entrance is a bas-relief representing the
into the city, and the acts of rejoicing a
part of the multitude who followed him on th
occasion. At entering the church, the first c
attracts attention, within a few feet of the out--
of white marble in the pavement, marking the
Joseph of Arimathea annointed the body of
paratory to depositing it in the septi
particular part, also, stands the tomb
Bouillon, who captured the city, with an
Latin language, which may be thus translated:
blished the worship of Christ all over this land.
'Here lies the renowned Godfrey of Bollor,

May his soul rest in peace! Amen.'

from every quarter of the globe, who daily The number of Christians, of all denomi cred spot, is most extraordinary. Someti the pressure for admittance so great, that impossible for others at the same time to g church. During the time of surveying it, strolling about, and appeared to scoff at the d larly struck with the appearance of two Turks though Christians would have forfeited their they presumed even to look in a Mahomedan

Having recorded so many instances of the shown in these conrents to our countrymen, curiosity or religious zeal, visit the Baly C much pleasure to add, that his present years ago, transmited a liberal donation of Th

Pounds, to the Franciscans, through Sir Rob

the Ambassador at Constantinople.

Mr. Wilson is a Protestant Dissents

Extraordinary and barbarous Punishment.—'`in his account of Germany, says Near Lir see a malefactor hanging in iron chains on th with a mastiff dog hanging on each side of a manner, as that being nearly starved, they flesh off the malefactor, before himself died by a

Biographical Notices.

GENERAL MINA.

This extraordinary character has excited considerable erest since his arrival in England; and the following ketch of his military career, written by a Spanish Officer, by therefore prove acceptable. Don Francisco Espoz y Mina, was born at Estella, in avarre, in 178. His father was a small farmer. In year 1808, the French having invaded Spain, Xavier na, nephew of our hero, gave up his scholastic studies Logrona, and placed himself at the head of a few brave rilla partizans; but being soon after made prisoner by French, his followers prevailed, though with difficulty, in his uncle, to leave his occupation of ploughman, and ake the command of them. Mina soon gave proofs the was not only a brave soldier, but also an able comnder. The little troop confided to his care was not gbefore it became regularly organized. Its numbers mented so rapidly, that, soon after, it became one of the It consi terable divisions of the Spanish army. Always ing on the courage and affection of his soldiers, Mina er hesitated to undertake the most bold and perilous prises. He made himself complete master of all the Is and passes leading from France into Spain, along y the whole of the range of the Pyrenees, and never el a French detachment or a convoy to pass without git, or at least attacking it. In October, 1810, he ied off a convoy, composed of military equipments and sums of money. The Central Junta rewarded this tant achievement, by bestowing upon him the rank lonel The almost daily incursions which he made e purpose of intercepting the supplies for the French exposed him to the hostile combinations of many and courageous French Commanders. On one octwo French Generals having united their divisions, ched against Mina more than twenty thousand strong. compelled him to retire into the mountains, and fol. him there. During three whole weeks he contrived them employed in the pursuit of his own division, only amounted to six thousand men. Finding, t, that it was impossible for his troops to escape in as the French had at least succeeded in entirely ading them, he desired them all, at the close of the to disperse, and each man to make the best of to a place where they were to meet on the morrow. following morning the French marched in extendlumns towards the centre, where they expected to risoners Mina and his army; but they were not uprised to find that they had all disappeared. On ing of the same day, Mina and his men were at ance of thirty miles from the enemy, and actually and carried off a French convoy just coming from

M

tions on the theory of M. Biot, who, from data supplied by M. de la Perouse, endeavoured to determine the position of the magnetical equator, and its intersection with the terrestrial equator. The result of their inquiry is, that the great chains of mountains, and even volcanoes, have no perceptible influence on the magnetic power, and that that power diminishes in proportion to the distance from the terrestrial equator.

Besides many memoirs in the Annals of Chemistry, and other periodical works, he published, conjointly with Mr. Thenard, " Physico-Chemical Researches made on the Galvanic Pile, and on Preparations of Potassium."

DOCTOR GALL,

him the hatred of the Government. He was on the eve of being arrested, when he withdrew to Navarre, but seeing that even there he would be exposed to the persecutions of the ruling faction, he resolved to carry, by a coup de main, the citadel of Pampeluna, where he wished to hoist the standard of liberty, and to make that fortress the centre of the operations of the Liberales. He would have succeeded in this attempt, had he not been betrayed by a person named Juanito, of whose military advancement Mina was the author, and on whose fidelity he chiefly calculated. Having taken refuge beyond the Pyrenees, he was arrested by the French Government, at the instance of the Spanish Minister at Paris; but he soon regained his liberty, by the intercession of the Duke of Wellington. On the entrance of Napoleon into France, from Elba, he Born in 1758, in the country of Wirtemberg, studied and retired into Flanders, and was present, though without practised medicine in Vienna, where the novelty of his being officially employed, at the battle of Waterloo. In the year 1820, when the cry of liberty was raised at doctrine attracted general attention. While a student at Las Cabezas by Riego, he secretly left Paris, and reached college he began his remarks on the various forms of the Navarre, at the head of a few Spanish Patriots, among students who had large eyes retained better what was taught human head. He observed that those among his fellowwhom was the brother of the writer of this notice. There he was joined by several of his ancient companions in them than he did, although he was as attentive as he was arms; but the King having yielded to the anxious wish able to be. The same ramark he made on the most emiof the nation, and solemny sworn to the Constitution of the nent actors on the stage. Hence he concluded that the realm, Mina was immediately nominated Captain-General organs of memory must be situated near that part of the of Navarre, and afterwards of Galicia. In the year 1821, nion varied; but at last he was confirmed in the principle head where the eyes are placed. On this subject his opiwhen the Spanish Ministry struck the mortal blow at the Constitution of the Cortes, by ordering the disbandment that the qualities of the intellectual faculties depend on the of the Patriotic army, Mina, in conjunction with Riego conformation of certain parts of the head. He collected and several other patriotic Chieftains, having opposed this the skulls of human beings and other animals; he studied most fatal measure of the Government, was deprived of the structure of the brain; he remarked the intellectual his command, and sent in exile to Leon. After the bril-powers of different persons; and, at the same time, the liant defeat of the Guards, by the National Militia, on protuberances of their heads. By this practice he imagined the 7th of July, 1822, he was called to the command of he had discovered accommodations or predispositions for the army in Catalonia, where his great successes against tellectual faculties of the first rank. He conceives that the twenty different organs, or so many habitations for the inthe Army of the Faith procured him the highest rank in intellectual dispositions, as innate qualities, have their seat the Spanish army, and the Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand. During the two first months, his time was wholly occu- in the brain, and that there also are placed the peculiar orpied in creating and organizing an army; and, in short, gans of those faculties; that the more the several points of in surmounting a thousand difficulties. In the following the skull project externally, the more active are the menmonths he reaped the fruits of his labours, in the total tal faculties of which the organs are situated in those several expulsion of the rebels, and in the subjugation of the ral points; that, in fine, the part of the brain in which fortresses held by them. Of his unparralleled achieve any faculty acts in protruding the skull, forms, on the conments, and extraordinary victories over the French, during existence of the organ. The organs the doctor designates vex part, a protuberance, which indicates, externally, the the last six or seven months, little is at present known in according to the tendency or the faculty which he attributes England. Mina is a well-built John Bull looking sort of a man, his to them. Dr. Gall gave public lectures on his system of crafeatures being not unlike those of the people of this country. cities of Europe. His doctrine found many advocates in niology in several eminent universities, and in several great He does not follow the custom of Spain in wearing mus- Germany, in Paris, and particularly in England, where he tachios, and seldom appears in uniform except when upon actual duty. He appears at this time exceedingly melan- was assisted by his friend Dr. Spurzheim. Nor have all choly, which, no doubt, arises from the situation of his the pleasantries directed against the doctrine, particularly country, and from his separation from his wife and family, in the Edinburgh Review, been able to overthrow the facts who, by some mistake, were carried to Curunna, instead on which it has been founded. Without entering into the of being brought to England. It is not apprehended, solidity of Dr. Gall's discoveries, it must be allowed that, however, that Madame Mina, is in any personal danger, the knowledge of the structure and properties of the brain. by his anatomical researches, he has considerably advanced e, General Pannetier surprised Mina at the vil-Morillo having paid her a visit, and promised her his pro- Dr. Gall, after his visit to England, settled as a physician Robres, where he was dining at the house of the tection. Mina, having been frost-bitten during his late with some of his officers. The French surrounded campaign in Catalonia, is now afflicted with lameness, sewhere he was with a large body of cavalry, and is, indeed, in other respects, in a very ill state of everal other bodies at various distances. The health. In his manners, he is simple and unaffected; he of Mina, on seeing the French approach, jumped has been accustomed to a life of incessant labour, and he windows of the house to make their escape; but under the most brilliant successes always manifested great made prisoners. Mina, on the contrary, mounted modesty. e placed his chaplain behind him, and ordered t-gate to be thrown open. He then put spurs to out of the court. The French discharged their Some years ago, as Captain Montague was cruizing off the coast of Brighton, he gave a brilliant fête on board his at him, and advanced towards him; but Mina, A member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and frigate, to which, with many other ladies, Madame g his accustomed presence of mind, cut his way one of the most distinguished chemists in that capital. Catalani was invited. The Captain went in his launch on the enemy with his sabre, and succeeded in In 1816 he was chosen professer of chemistry at the Poly-shore, manned by more than twenty men, to escort the his escape, carrying away the priest unhurt. In technic School. He first made himself known to the Ladies on board. The fair freight was soon embarked, year he was betrayed by Tris, his second in com- public by ascending in a balloon, in conjunction with M. and the boat was cutting its way simply through the waves and was completely routed by several numerous Biot, to the height of 3,800 toises, for the purpose of to the ship, when Madame Catalani, without any preof the Imperial Guard, under the command of making scientific observations on the atmospheric pheno-vious notice, and with all her immense power, commenced Reille and Caffareli. But even this disaster did mena. To this height, a greater than any person had the air of Rule Britannia. Had a voice from the great him from the field. Having caused the traitor ever reached before, he twice ascended. The second time deep spoken, the effect could not have been more instanbe shot, he rallied his followers, and presented he was without a companion. In these ascents he ascer- taneous or more powerful. The sailors, not knowing before the enemy 15,000 strong; thus becoming tained that the distance from the earth had no sensible whom they were rowing, were so astonished, and at the ant at the moment they believed him totally sub-influence either on the intensity of magnetism or on the same time so enchanted into inactivity, that they with one and thus giving an extraordinary proof of the composition of the atmosphere. The pulse of the aerial accord rested upon their oars, while tears trembled in the of his resources, and the constancy of his efforts. voyagers was quickened, that of Biot rising from seventy- eyes of many of them. "You see, Madame," said the cy of Cadiz, in consideration of his great ser- nine to a hundred and seven, and that of Gay Lussac Captain, "the effect which their favourite air has upen Ferred upon him the rank of Brigadier-General, from sixty to eighty; but they experienced no difficulty these brave seamen, above all, when it is sung by the 3 he was made Field Marshal. of breathing. It is curious too, that, at their highest finest voice in the world. I have been in many victorious return of Ferdinand to the throne of Spain, elevation, clouds were seen far over their heads. battles, but I have never felt any excitement equal to the summoned to Madrid to gratify the curiosity M. Gay-Lussac has made numerous ingenious chemical present." On arriving on board, the sailors who had been King had of seeing him. When in the pre- experiments, and some discoveries, particularly on mer- in the boat spoke so highly of the treat they had received, e King, he fearlessly addressed him on the de-cury and elastic fluids. He ascertained, that whatever to their comrades, that one and all of them entreated te under which he held the nation, and on the may be the nature of the fluid, it dilates equally from the Madame Catalani to repeat the song. She complied with OTS which a liberated monarch owed to the Cortes, temperature of ice to that of boiling water, and that it the request with an increased effect, and with so much good zeal of an ardent patriot, and the frankness of a acquires an increase in volume of one third. In conjunc- nature, that when she quitted the ship, they cheered her soldier. This conduct, however, drew upon tion with Mr. Humboldt, he has likewise made observa- until she reached the shore.

a

M. GAY-LUSSAC.

in Paris.

MADAME CATALANI AND RULE BRITANNIA.

There can scarcely be a greater illustration of the extraordinary and powerful effect of the voice of this wonderful performer in our national song of Rule Britannia, than the following circumstance: