Changes in the Surface of the Country

Extent to which the Country was under Cultivation

The East and Middle Marches

16

17

18

CHAPTER II

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE VILLAGES AND TOWNS——

INTERCOMMUNICATION

Descriptions of Scottish Villages by Foreign Visitors

Scottish Villages compared with those of England

Condition of the Scottish Peasant -

His Fellow in England, France and Germany

Scottish Towns

PAGE

33

35

36

ib.

38

ib.

41

Absence of Walls of Defence

Pedro de Ayala's description of Scottish Towns

Reserves with which his description must be taken

Scottish Towns as described by other Foreigners

Glasgow

Edinburgh

Relative importance of the Towns

Roads, Bridges and Ferries

Hostelries and Taverns

Beggars

Piracy

ib.

44

ib.

45

51

56

63

66

69

CHAPTER III

CONDITIONS OF SOCIETY IN THE COUNTRY-THE

INTERIOR OF A TOWN.

Towns more important than the Country in time of Mary

Security and Self-Defence the chief consideration in the

Petty and Great Customs -

Trade between the Town and its Rural Precinct -

117

ib.

120

123

ib.

Difficulties of the Legislature in dealing with them

The Crafts in the Reign of Mary -

Incorporation of Crafts

The Crafts and the Town Councils

Economical Objects of the Crafts and Merchant Guilds

141

142

-

143

144

145

146

147

149

151

152

155

156

ib.

Significance of the Conflicts between the Crafts and

Merchant Guilds

Ordinary Routine of Life -

Taverns, Gambling and Roystering

Similar Habits in other Countries -

Abolition of Saints' Days -

Growing Distaste for Mediæval Amusements

The Crafts and their Plays