12. Manchester, Glasgow, and Paisley, carry on extensive cotton manufactures.

13. Portsmouth, Liverpool, and Greenock, are seaport towns.

14. The cod, the haddock, the flounder, and the eel, are all inhabitants of the water.

15. The lordly lion and the imperial eagle always kill their own game. The hyena and the vulture come after and gather up the offals.

RULE III.

Two or more nominatives of the singular number coupled by or or nor, require a verb in the singular.

EXAMPLES.

1. Either Ann or Thomas has lost the pencil. 2. A sparrow or a robin has carried off the crumbs. 3. A steam-carriage or a steam-boat affords an easy and quick conveyance.

4. Neither James nor John deserves to be blamed. 5. Either the clock or the watch is going too fast. 6. Neither the one nor the other was at church yesterday.

7. Neither old age nor helpless infancy was spared by the invaders.

8. When a man has forfeited his reputation for integrity, neither truth nor falsehood serves his purpose. 9. The peasant or mechanic was taught to regard the profession of arms with veneration.

10. Cowardice or disobedience was destined to exemplary punishment.

11. So alert were these ministers of vengeance in the execution of their office, that in a few days, there was neither house, man, nor beast to be seen in the compass of fifty miles; all was ruin, silence, and desolation.

RULE IV.

Active verbs govern the objective case.

EXAMPLES.

1. Seek peace. Love mercy.

2. We heard the thunder.

3. He told a very remarkable tale.

4. He began, he finished, the dreadful operation. 5. His servant opened the door and announced our arrival. 6. My father paid the money cheerfully.

7. The sailors hoisted the British flag.

8. He pleased his master by his unwearied diligence. 9. She obeyed her mistress.

10. They conducted me home in safety.

11. We observed them pass the gate yesterday.

12. The Newfoundland dog bit Eliza's arm.

13. The man robbed us, but did not injure our persons. 14. She read the book attentively.

15. They will catch you.

16. We expect him by the next train.

17. The steamer conveyed them across the Atlantic. 18. I desired her to read that letter.

19. You protected them in the hour of danger. 20. I sold it below its value.

21. She wrote a very long letter to her brother.

Note. When a relative pronoun is governed by a verb, it is placed before the nominative; but when in the nominative case it stands immediately before the verb.

EXAMPLES.

1. The sick man, whom you visited, is worse.

2. The fish, which Andrew caught, has beautiful colours.

3. The houses, which we passed, were very neat. 4. The fur, which mamma purchased, is remarkably fine.

5. The surgeon, whom you employ, has many patients. 6. The linnet, which George caught, has escaped. 7. The precious stone, which we saw, is broken.

8. He was the only son of a gentleman who had expended a fortune in mechanical pursuits.

9. The strains which infuse pleasurable emotions in the sons of the north, were no less potent among these children of the south.

Prepositions govern the objective case.

Note.-Prepositions are sometimes understood; when expressed, they should be placed before the words which they govern.

EXAMPLES.

1. To him who excels, a prize will be given.

2. Hast thou not made a hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? Thou hast blessed the work of his hands and his substance is increased in the land.

3. He promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him.

4. He sent unto them another servant; and at him they cast stones, and wounded him in the head.

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5. Enter not into the path of the wicked, and go not in the way of evil men.

6. Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches and honour. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her; and happy is every one that retaineth her.

7. Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, when it is in the power of thine hand to do it.

8. Of whom the world was not worthy; they wandered in deserts and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth.

9. After whom is the king of Israel come out?

RULE VI.

Double comparatives and superlatives are improper.

EXAMPLES.

1. He is an active intelligent man.

2. The highest summits of the Pyrenees are covered with ever-during snows.

3. Many of the Spanish mountains are entirely barren, and exhibit nothing but a naked assemblage of the most picturesque crags; others are covered with a scanty crop of grass and brush wood; but some are clothed with magnificent forests. Firs and oaks grow in the higher regions; chestnuts and beech-trees adorn the lower.

4. The ocean forms the most magnificent feature of our globe. When the sun shines, it is green; when he gleams through a fog, it is yellow; near the poles, it is black; while in the torrid zone, its colour is often brown, and, on certain occasions, it assumes a luminous appearance, as if sparkling with fire.

PAST PARTICIPLES-COLLECTIVE NOUNS.

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RULE VII.

The past participle is used after the auxiliaries have and be; but the past participle must not be used instead of the past tense.

EXAMPLES.

1. He was arrested, tried, and condemned to die.

2. A rude blast has broken the bough of this tree. 3. I have endeavoured to explain the first principles of English Grammar.

4. He was struck with the novelty of the sight.

5. He has heard and granted your request.

6. A slight cold had detained her.

7. And David put his hand into his bag, and took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead, that the stone sunk into his forehead; and he fell upon his face to the earth. So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him; but there was no sword in the hand of David. Therefore David ran, and stood upon the Philistine, and took his sword, and drew it out of the sheath thereof, and slew him, and cut off his head therewith. And when the Philistines saw their champion was dead, they fled.

8. Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt; thou hast cast out the heathen and planted it.

RULE VIII.

When a collective noun expresses unity of idea, the verbs, nouns, or pronouns connected with it must be singular; as, "The assembly has finished its business :" but when a collective noun expresses plurality of idea, the words connected with it must be plural; as, “People often form their opinions too hastily."