DERIVATION.

Some nouns are derived from adjectives by adding 8, ness, cy, ice, ce, ty, ity; thus, Hundred, hundreds; hard, hardness; just, justice; rapid, rapidity; &c. In many instances an alteration is made in the orthography; thus, High, height; strong, strength; obedient, obedience.

Adjectives are derived from Proper nouns by a slight alteration in the spelling; thus, Britain, British; France, French, &c.

Adjectives are derived from Common nouns by adding al, ble, ary, ical, ate, atical, ful, ous, less, ish, like, en, ly, y, ular, or some; thus, Wealth, wealthy; joy, joyful; marsh, marshy, &c.

Contrariety of meaning is often expressed by prefixing ir, in, ig, im, il, dis, or un; thus, Regular, irregular; elegant, inelegant: but very often by a different word; as, Wise, foolish; bad, good.

PARSING.

A cold day, a black cloud, James's young horse, stormy weather, much rain, William's green trees, the poor man's wisdom, broad cloth, nice innocent amusements, the best friend, the sweetest fruit, these few plums, most elegant furniture, a warm climate, other men, Jane's umbrella, that strange insect, these hot springs, the heaviest stone, the largest planet, a more lovely prospect, any good news, a late hour, the farmer's fierce dog, these playful lambs, an industrious bee, those polite misses, the most dreadful storm, favourite ridinghorse, a hundred yards, a cabin, a small portion, seventeen horsemen, strong hounds, the first point, the next object, more safety, the approved mode, the whole band, the horses' bridles, lion's terrific roar, a furious growl, a large evergreen bush, some prudent men, most magnifi

cent buildings, a large full-grown lion, an agreeable flavour, England's oak, the Scotch thistle, the green isle, an elegant rose, American apples, French prunes, African slaves.

PRONOUNS.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as, When Ann returned from school, she employed herself with her needle.

There are two kinds of Pronouns-the Personal and Relative.

Nom.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

The Personal Pronouns are

—I, thou, he, she, it, with

their plurals, We, you, they.
These Pronouns are thus declined :-

1st Per. Sing. I,

thy or thine,

thee.

Some of these pronouns are compounded; thus, Myself, thyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

PARSING.

I, thou, he, she, it, we, ours, us, me, thee, his, her, him, my, our, your, them, their, thine, thy, your, theirs, hers, yours, mine, his new house, my good old friend, her last words, our gracious queen, thy name, your

B

numerous engagements, their friendly advice, its own nest, his comfortable home, no shoes, my uncle's wife, your aunt, his agreeable conversation, her mother's affection, himself, his amusing tales, no arrival, my father's servant, his neck, these fruitless proceedings, their coloured allies, that fine climate, the Scottish champions, another party, our neighbours, their cattle, a rich soil, a miserable people.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

A Relative Pronoun is a word that relates to a preceding word, which is called the antecedent; as, This is the friend whom I love.

The Relative Pronouns are- Who, which, that, and

what.

They are alike in both numbers; thus we say, The man who; or, The men who.

Who is applied to persons; as, The man who acts wisely. It is declined thus :—

Nom. Who, Poss. whose, Obj. whom.

Which is applied to animals and objects without life; as, The horse which turns the mill. The book which Jane tore.

Nom. Which, Poss. whose, Obj. which.

That is often used instead of who or which. It is applied to persons, animals, and things; thus, The boy that writes; the hare that was shot; the boat that sunk.

That must be used instead of who or which, when the antecedent consists of two words, the one requiring who, the other which; thus, The man and the dog that killed the otter.

What is called a Compound Relative, because it includes both the relative and the antecedent; as, They got what they wanted; that is, The thing which they wanted.

The words Who, which, and what, are called Interrogatives, when they are used in asking questions; as, Who did that? Which whelp is yours? What is your

name?

Point out the relative pronouns and their antecedents in the following sentences:

This is he of whom it is written, Behold I send my messenger before thy face, who shall prepare thy way before thee. Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, when it is in the power of thy hand to do it. He gives me the food that I eat, the clothes that I wear, the home that I dwell in, the friends that are dear to me. There are people who seldom smile when they are alone, who therefore are glad to hide themselves in a throng from the violence of their own reflections, and who would be glad to change their conditions with a dog. The mother eats things which satisfy her appetite, and that is all she cares for; but those things also produce milk which nourishes her infant. The beavers work with a kind of earth not soluble in water, and which they mix with clay. The manner in which animals can find their way is very extraordinary. Woodpeckers have a sharp beak, by which they pierce the wood, and are provided with a tongue, which they can shoot out to a great length, and which ends in a sharp bony point, barbed somewhat like a fish-hook, so as to pierce and keep fast the insects on which the bird feeds. The pelican, which lives on fish, has a large bag or net at the lower part of its beak, by which it catches fish in sufficient abundance for the supply of its wants. How pleasant is the thought that we are under the protection of the same great Being, whose care is so bountifully extended to the fowls of heaven!

VERBS.

A Verb is a word which expresses being, doing, or enduring; as, I am; they amuse their brother; they are amused. There are three kinds of verbs-Active, Passive, and Neuter.

An Active verb expresses action which affects an object; as, He tore my book.

A Passive verb expresses the receiving or enduring of an action; as, The book is torn.

A Neuter verb expresses existence, state of existence, or action confined to the actor; as, He is; he stands; he walks.

MOODS.

Mood denotes the manner in which being, doing, or suffering is expressed.

Verbs have six moods-the Indicative, Potential, Conditional, Imperative, Infinitive, and Participial.

The Indicative Mood declares a thing, or it asks a question; as, You are busy; have you dined?

The Potential Mood both declares and asks questions. It implies possibility, liberty, power, will, obligation, or necessity; as, It may rain; you may proceed; we can write; she would paint; he should be silent; we must work.

The Conditional Mood expresses a condition on which something else depends; as, Were he good, he would be happy.

The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, entreating, or permitting; as, Obey your parents; forgive us our trespasses; go in peace.

The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general manner. It has no nominative, but has commonly to before it; as, To sleep; to dream.

The Participial Mood implies that an action is going on or finished; as, Having refreshed himself, he pursued his journey.