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quisition we have indicated, predominates. The there?" and was answered. "The guest of God," greatest drawback to the professed descriptions of the book is its unreal character. We cannot arate what may be natural and true from what is Urquhart.

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What took Mr. Urquhart to Morocco, is a sort of mystery. "I was on my way," he writes in his preface," to Italy by sea; and, passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, was so fascinated by the beauty and mysteries of the adjoining lands, that I relinquished my proposed excursion for the explorations which are here recorded." At page 260 of the first volume, he appears in the character of a diplomatist in the interest of the Emperor of Morocco, opposed to the French; and something striking would doubtless have been done, had not France been rescued by a “machinery" in the appropriate form of a steam-engine. Urquhart was detained in the Gut" by adverse winds, whilst steam carried the French-that is the Algerineemissary to his destination." Unless the allusions to under-current influence are mere romancings, our politician seems to have succeeded in imposing himself upon the Moors as a somebody; but as a traveller he turned his opportunities to slender account. His travels, either in Spain or Morocco, were of limited extent-only to a few places in the vicinity of the "Pillars of Hercules."

The substitution of a writer's reading for original observation or a description of existing things, is not very rare in books of travel; but we never saw it pushed to so great an extent as by Mr. Urquhart, or a man carried so completely away from the subject before him. National bathing, national cookery, national clothing, are important subjects; ancient glass and Phoenicia, the Spanish mantilla, the Roman and French systems of conquest or colonization, are very well for an essay or a paper. Presented in such a mode, they would have been judged according to their own character. Standing in places where they have no business or necessary connection, they are looked upon as intruders; and an intruder's merit, if he happens to have any, is always overlooked. We do not suppose that one third of the book, if so much, is really travels; and of the travels the stories or anecdotes are the most inter

which means a beggar. "You are welcome," he said, and got up and unfastened the door; and, having nothing but some remnants of the koscoussoo from his supper, and the piece of mat upon which he lay, he warmed the koscoussoo in the oven, and, after bringing water to wash his guest's hands, he set it before him. He then conducted him to the mat, and himself lay down on the bare ground.

In the morning, when he awoke, he found the door unbarred, and the poor man gone; so he said to himself," He had business, and did not wish to disturb me; or he went away modestly, being ashamed of his poverty." On taking up the mat he found under it two doubloons; so he was afraid, and put the money by, and determined not to touch it, lest it had been forgotten, or lest the poor man had stolen it, and put it there to ruin him. for Mohammed Widden and the baker to repair thither. They were both conducted to the place before the palace to await the sultan's coming forth. When he appeared they were called before him; and, addressing the first, he asked him if he recollected the feast at the marriage of the daughter of the Caid of Tangier, and a poor man whom he had pushed with his left hand and kicked with his right foot. Then Caïd Mohammed knew whom he had thus treated, and trembled. The sultan said, “The arm that struck me, and the leg that kicked me, are mine; cut them off." The baker now said to himself, "If he has taken the leg and the arm off the caid, he will surely take my head;" so he fell down upon the earth, and implored the sultan to have mercy upon him. The sultan said to him, My son, the beggar when he was thrust forth from the feast fear not; you were poor, and took in of the rich. He has eaten your bread and slept on your mat. Now ask whatever you please-it shall be yours." The caid returned to Tangier maimed and a beggar, and his grandson was lately a soldier at the gate of the Sicilian consul. The baker repossessed of the wealth of the other; and the peoturned riding on a fine mule, richly clothed, and ple used to say as he passed by, "There goes the oven-keeper, the sultan's host."

Some time afterwards an order came from Fez

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These stories of contemporary date throw a light upon manners in Barbary, where Mahometanism is best studied now; and upon the placability of a Mahometan sovereign when not out of

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During my absence two daring crimes have been esting portion. They may not always be accurate horses from the midst of the camp. The sultan committed; a sheriff stole one of the sultan's as facts, but they have an oriental truth of color-sentenced him to lose his head. He then put in the ing about them, much more attractive than Mr. Then," said the sultan, "cut Urquhart's florid descriptions, or his interviews off his right hand, that he may be disabled from diswith persons to whom he discourses politics. gracing his blood in this way in future." There is There is something patriarchal in this story of a no executioner-the butchers are bound to perform sultan's distribution of poetical justice. this duty. The chief Jewish and chief Mussulman butcher being called, they offered for a substitute by a sort of public auction; the crier commencing in this way-"Who will cut off a head (or a hand) for a dollar?-one dollar offered;" and thus they ran up and down the street. No one offering, they increased the bid to two, three dollars, &c. When they had arrived at two doubloons (77. 10s.) a tall black stepped forward and said, "That is my price." A tub of tar was brought; the black hacked off the hand in a hurry, and on dipping the stump into the tar it proved to be cold. He had, however, bound the arm before the amputation;

The grandfather of Ben Abou, the present governor of Riff, when Caïd of Tangier, made a great feast at the marriage of his daughter. One of his friends, Caïd Mohammed Widden, observed a poor man in mean attire in the court, and ordered him out; and, he not obeying, pushed him so that he fell. That same night the keeper of an oven (there are no sellers of bread-every one makes his own bread at home and sends it to the oven) had barred his door and retired to rest, when some one knocked at the door. He asked, "Who is

and they ran to the neighboring blacksmith's shop for embers, which they threw into the tar, and, setting it on fire, the stump was then plunged in, and so scorched and burnt. The sheriff was then let go.

In the other case, a culprit, a man from the interior, had killed a lad who was ploughing, and carried off his cattle. The sultan said to the mother of the lad," Excuse his life, and take one hundred dollars;" she said, "I want the life of him who took the life of my son." The sultan three times repeated his question, doubling his offer; she said, "I ask what the law gives me, and that law you are sultan to execute. The culprit was led out to execution; the head, as we returned, was on the market gate, and the dogs swarmed round the car

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From the Examiner.

TO THE AUTHOR OF FESTUS,

ON THE CLASSIC AND ROMANTIC.

PHILIP! I know thee not, thy song I know :
It fell upon my ear among the last
Destined to fall upon it: but while strength
Is left me, I will rise to hail the morn
Of the stout-hearted who begin a work
Wherein I did but idle at odd hours.

The Faeries never tempted me away
From higher fountains and severer shades;
Their rings allured me not from deeper tracks
Left by Olympic wheels on ampler plains,
Yet could I see them and can see them now
With pleasurable warmth, and hold in bonds
Of brotherhood men whom their gamesome wreath
In youth's fresh slumber caught and still detains.
I wear no cestus; my right hand is free
To point the road few seem inclined to take.
Admonish thou, with me, the starting youth,
Ready to seize all nature at one grasp,
To mingle earth, sea, sky, woods, cataracts,
And make all nations think and speak alike.

Some see but sunshine, others see but gloom,
Others confound them strangely, furiously;
Most have an eye for color, few for form.
Imperfect is the glory to create,

Unless on our creation we can look
And see that all is good; we then may rest.
In every poem train the leading shoot;
Broak off the suckers. Thought erases thought,
As numerous sheep erase each other's print
When spongy moss they press or sterile sand.
Blades thickly sown want nutriment and droop,
Although the seed be sound, and rich the soil.
Thus healthy-born ideas, bedded close,
By dreaming fondness, perish overlaid.
We talk of schools . . . unscholarly; of schools.
Part the romantic from the classical.
The classical like the heroic age
Is past; but Poetry inay reässume
That glorious name with Tartar and with Turk,
With Goth or Arab, Sheik or Paladin,
And not with Roman and with Greek alone.
The name is graven on the workmanship.
The trumpet-blast of Marmion never shook
The walls of God-built Ilion; yet what shout
Of the Achaians swells the heart so high?
Shakspeare with majesty benign called up
The obedient classics from their marble seats,
And led them through dim glens and sheeny glades,
And over precipices, over seas
Unknown by mariners, to palaces
High-archt, to festival, to dance, to joust,

| And gave them golden spurs and vizors barred,
And steeds that Pheidias had turned pale to see.
That mighty man who opened Paradise
Harmonious far above Homeric song,
Or any song that human ears shall hear,
Sometimes was classical and sometimes not.
Rome chained him down, the younger Italy
Dissolved, not fatally, his Samson strength.
I leave behind me those who stood around
The throne of Shakspeare, sturdy, but unclean;
To hurry past the opprobrious courts and lanes
Of the loose pipers at the Belial feasts,
Past mimes obscene, and grinders of lampoons.
Away the petty wheel, the callous hand!
Goldsmith was classical, and Gray almost,
Cowper had more variety, more strength,
Gentlest of bards! still pitied, still beloved!
Romantic, classical, the female hand
That chained the cruel Ivan down forever,
And followed up, rapt in his fiery car,
The boy of Casabianca to the skies.
Wordsworth, in sonnet, is a classic too,
And on that grass-plot sits at Milton's side;
In the long walk he soon is out of breath
And wheezes heavier than his friends could wish.
Follow his pedler up the devious rill,
And, if you faint not, you are well repaid.
Large lumps of precious metal lie engulfed

In gravelly beds, whence you must delve them out,
And thirst sometimes and hunger; shudder not
To wield the pickaxe and to shake the sieve.
Too weak for ode or epic, and his gait
Somewhat too rural for the tragic pall,
Which never was cut out of duffel gray,
He fell, entangled, "on the grunsel-edge"
Flat on his face, and shamed his worshippers."
Classic in every feature was my friend
The genial Southey none who ruled around
Held in such order such a wide domain
But often too indulgent, too profuse.

The ancients see us under them, and grieve
That we are parted by a rank morass,
Wishing its flowers more delicate and fewer.
Abstemious were the Greeks; they never strove
To look so fierce their muses were sedate,
Never obstreperous: you heard no breath
Outside the flute; each sound ran clear within.
The fauns might dance, might clap their hands,
might shout,

Might revel and run riotous; the nymphs
Furtively glanced, and feared or seemed to fear :
Descended on the lightest of light wings,
The strong though graceful Hermes mused awhile,
And now with his own lyre and now with voice
Tempered the strain; Apollo calmly smiled.
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR.

From the Spectator.

HUMPHREYS' ANCIENT COINS. *

THE first book that treated of "coins" in a distinct and separate form was Budé's work on the Roman Æs or As, which was originally published in 1516. Three centuries later, numismatic works

* Ancient Coins and Medals; an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Coining Money in Greece and her Colonies; its Progress with the Extension of the Roman Empire, and its Decline with the Fall of that Power. By Henry Noel Humphreys, Author of "The Coins of England." Illustrated by numerous Fac-simile Examples in actual relief, and in the metals of the respective coins. Published by Grant and Griffith.

forgotten, but likewise its situation, thus distininstance, some of the coins of Ephesus have the guishing it from other places of the same name; for word, EQEZEN, (in the genitive case,) of the Ephesians, accompanied by the personification of a river, beneath which is the word KAIETPOE, which shows that Ephesus was on the banks of the Cayster. Another instance is that of the ancient Italic city of Hatria or Hadria, now known only by its coins, which yet gave its name to the Adriatic Sea, on the shores of which it was situated. Hundreds of other similar instances might be cited; for it has been stated that upwards of two thousand names of places, provinces, and princes, exist upon ancient coins, many of them having no other record; and many have been discovered since that calculation was made, every day bringing with it still fresh discoveries.

had so multiplied that a mere list of them formed | which determines not only the existence of the a goodly volume. The Bibliotheca Nummaria, place, which might have been doubted, disputed or published by Lipsius in 1801, consists of 448 close pages, exclusive of an appendix, and comprises under the letter A alone one hundred and sixty works. Among the writers who devoted themselves to the task of illustrating ancient coins, and pointing to the facts that the coins illustrated, are some of the greatest names in learning. The origin of numismatic studies, indeed, may be traced to no less a person than Petrarch; who first formed a collection, with some perception of the true use of coins. His example was followed by Alphonso, King of Aragon and Naples, as well as by the Medici, and various crowned heads. The fashion thence descended through princes and nobles to private individuals, till a mere catalogue of collections would probably form a list as long as that of the works which have been written upon them; for it is only by means of such col-interest. The vast numbers of coins existing of lections that the majority of the books on the subject could have been written.

These books are of infinite variety. Some illustrate particular coins, in their history, their manufacture, their metallic composition, weight, value, and depreciation; for it seems the destiny of coinages never to be increased in real value. Others treat of the different kinds of coins, either national or metallic-as gold, silver, copper-at the same time that they point out their uses. Some authors

illustrate this use-as Vaillant in his works on the dynasties of the Seleucidæ, the Arsacidæ, and the Ptolomies. Other writers have made the Roman emperors their theme, and not only exhibit the acts from the coins, but the portraits of the actors. Visconti, in his Iconographie Grecque and Iconographie Romaine, has illustrated ancient portraiture in part from ancient coins. Perhaps a work like Lodge's Biography, in which the text and the portrait should form an equally conspicuous place, has yet to be written from ancient coins; though such a subject popularly treated would become a standard work.

In important details relative to different stages of civilization, coins have proved of the utmost

some comparatively barren but well-situated island, denote its commercial importance, and the activity of its exchanges; while the greater scarcity of the coins of more luxuriant districts denote that the native richness of the soil, which rendered the imsystem of exchanges was less active, while the portation of other produce less necessary, is represented on such coins by the wheat-ear, the bunch of grapes, and other symbols of Ceres and Bacchus. Seaport cities generally adopted some marine symbol either for the principal or subordinate devices of their coins.

Treaties of alliance may frequently be traced on Greek coins; as, for instance, when the coins of one city are countermarked by the emblem of another, an alliance, or at all events a convention that the coins of the one are by common agreement allowed to pass as current money among the people of the other is denoted; a custom which became so general that the mark of the allied city was in imitation of a subsequent stamp. some cases at once engraved in the original die, in

Some interesting particularities relative to the early commercial importance of Marseilles have just been elicited by the discovery of some coins. Up to the time alluded to, no coins were known of The use of coins is not limited, however, to Marseilles (the ancient Massilia) earlier than about the testimony they bear as to the character and the period of Alexander the Great; which had led to the supposition that its commercial importance progress of art, the data they furnish as to the could not have been extensive before that compararespective values of the precious metals in relatively late epoch: but the Marquis de Lagoy, in a tion to each other, or to commodities, or the feat-recent article in the "Revue Numismatique," deures they preserve of celebrated men and women, scribes some small silver coins with the well-known and frequently of celebrated monuments. Read with a learned eye, they throw a light on many facts of history, which without them would be obscure or even unknown, and often tell a continuous tale of themselves. "If all our records were lost," says Gibbon, "medals, inscriptions, and other monuments, would be sufficient to record the travels of Hadrian."

hollow back of the earliest periods, recently discovered in some excavations near the port; which removes the difficulty, and proves the active commerce of the place (of which the existence of coin money is an evidence) to have been of the high antiquity which its situation and early colonization rendered probable.

The object of Mr. Humphreys' Ancient Coins and Medals is to give a summary or coup-d'œil of Geography as well as history (writes Mr. Noel the entire subject, so as to furnish a complete inHumphreys) are both indebted to the fortunate troduction to the study, at the same time that he preservation of coins for the possession of many facts connected with the names and situation of presents the student with fac-simile specimens of cities which would otherwise have passed into obliv-some of the most remarkable coins in actual relief, ion. Many coins might be cited bearing the name of and in the respective metals of the originals; thus a city, accompanied by that of a river or a mountain, starting the tyro with a substitute for a collection.

first attempt at a head, supposed to be of Pan or Bacchus; and the unskilled observer will have to suppose that it is a head at all. On the same plate is the earliest coin known with a monarch's name, Alexander the First of Macedon; which fixes the date with more certainty, as he reigned from about 500 to 454 B. C. The obverse is a man leading a horse; and it not only has distinct, unmistakable forms, but reaches the idea of action, especially in the steed. Art, however, was still immature. The reverse can rise no higher than the punch, divided into four squares, with a border containing the monarch's name.

In an introduction Mr. Humphreys gives a précis | of some century later is really designed for a torof the chief writers on coins, and a brief notice toise. An early silver coin of Thasus has the of the chief collections. A chapter treats on the circulating medium, or rather the substitute for barter, that preceded the use of coined money. A discussion as to the people who first struck money follows; and is settled in favor of the Lydians, on the authority of Herodotus and the probabilities of the case. The earliest coinage is then discussed and described. After that, the reader is introduced to its development in Greece and her colonies, as well as in the dynasties of Greek origin that were established on the death of Alexander. The Roman coinage is exhibited in like manner, from its obscure origin under the kings, till its decay with the name and empire of Rome, and its subsidence into Byzantine art. Notices of many subordinate branches of the subject are intermingled with the leading classifications, whose very names were long to tell; but Carthage, Judæa, Bactria, will indicate the nature of these lesser chapters. There are also notices of the various metals, weights, values, &c., both of Greek and Roman coins, with some general hints and directions to the collector. These might have been fuller, and, in the choice of books, have taken a catalogue form with advantage. A great feature of the book is its illustrations; which, by means of a new invention, exhibits metallic impressions of the coin itself instead of an engraving.

These annotations are furnished by the first plate. The second exhibits an advancing stage of art, rising to the true coin; that is, the punchmark is superseded by a perfect reverse, though the improvement in art is rather in mechanics than design. The succeeding plates show the rapid progress both in design and execution, till at last the decline of art is reached with the decline of the empire. The massy breadth of conception, and the spirited action even in groups on a small coin of the best period, are exchanged for an imbecility in design which falls below that of the Lydian coinage, and a feebleness even in the mechanical parts.

IMITATIVE GALVANISM.-Galvani, in the last This positive fac-simile (says the author in his century, showed that convulsions ensued in a limb preface) is very essential in a work on the coins by simply bringing into connection the muscles and nerves. In the muscles we have a nitrogenized of classical antiquity; as no modern engraving or other imitation of some of the finest Greek coins material, which is acid; in the blood we have a of the best periods can adequately convey an idea nitrogenized material, which is alkaline; the conof their excessive beauty, or the sculptural grannecting part or nervous fibres are neutral. Mr deur of their general treatment. But I have not Smee, F. R. S., says: "We may imitate such a confined my illustrations in relief exclusively to combination, by using a solution of ferrocyanate of coins of the finest periods; I have also deemed it potash, a compound of iron, nitrogen, carbon, and advantageous to exhibit a few of the rude early potash, with a little alkali for one side, a solution coins, by the same process, in order to convey a of the red ferrocyanate for the other side, and conmore accurate idea, than could have been afforded nect the two with a solution of chloride of sodium, or common salt."-Elements of Electro-Biology. by means of engravings, of the nature of the progress which took place from the rude beginnings HOW CHRONOMETERS ARE TRIED AT GREENWICH. of the primitive artists to the exquisite productions-Chronometers offered to government for purchase of later periods. are placed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,

The fac-similes are sunk in stout board, which the first or second week in January, where they is bound up with the text like a plate. These Room," and each is daily compared with an astroare ranged upon shelves round "the Chronometer plates are ten in number; and every plate con-nomical clock, and its rate carefully noted. This tains from ten to a dozen specimens, sometimes is continued until the middle of July, during which of both faces of the coin, sometimes only of the obverse or reverse as the occasion requires: each plate is accompanied by a page of description. By this means the reader has really a coupd'œil of the history of coinage. The gold stater of Miletus in Lydia, with its strange-looking lion's head and its rude punch-mark on the reverse, is a specimen "of one of the first coins ever struck," according to received opinions, and may date from 800 to 700 E. c. Yet the drachma of Egina, possibly the earliest silver coin known, is still ruder. A sort of resemblance to a lion's head may be traced on the golden stater; but one requires to be assured that the drachma VOL. XXIV. 26

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LIVING AGE.

time the temperature of the room is considerably varied the windows are thrown open during six or seven of the coldest weeks, and for about an which are attended at intervals of two hours night equal period the heat is raised 80° or 90° by fires, and day; for the rest of the time the chronometers remain in the ordinary temperatures. This constitutes the usual trial: but for such chronometers as are subjected to the extreme trial, an iron tray is provided over the stove, the mean temperature of which may be taken at about 100° Fahr.; and for north side of the building. The severity of both the cold, they are placed outside a window on the the ordinary and extreme trials with regard to the cold will, of course, vary in different years, according to the severity of the season.--Mr. Scoresby.

From the Edinburgh Review.

supervened upon internal disorganization, the im Négociations de la France dans le Levant; ou Cor-perial fabric still stands-the Turkish Crescent respondance, Mémoires, et Actes Diplomatiques still glitters on the Bosphorus-and still "the des Ambassadeurs de France à Constantinople, et

des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés, ou Résidents à divers tottering arch of conquest spans the ample regions titres à Venise, Raguse, Rome, Malte, et Jerusa- from Bagdad to Belgrade."

lem; en Turquie, Perse, Géorgie, Crimée, Syrie, Without repeating, therefore, the ominous note Egypte, etc. et dans les états de Tunis, d'Alger, of prophecy, we shall direct our remarks to the et de Maroc. Publiés pour la première fois. historical elucidation of the questions involved in Par S. CHARRIÈRE. Tome I. (1515-1547.) it. Our wish is to illustrate the origin and estabParis, Imprimerie Nationale, 1848.

lishment of the Ottoman Empire, as one of the substantive powers of Europe; to exhibit the causes which conduced to its political recognition;

state upon the affairs of Christendom; to mark the fluctuations of fortune by which its external relations were determined; and to distinguish the stages of estimation and influence through which it successively passed, until the dreaded Empire of the Ottomans dwindled virtually, though with

THREE centuries ago, the first vow of Christian statesmen was the expulsion of the Turks from the city of Constantine, and the deliverance to trace the subsequent action of so anomalous a of Europe from the scourge and terror of the infidel. In the present age, the absorbing desire of the same cabinets is to maintain the misbelievers in their settlements; and to postpone, by all known expedients of diplomacy and menace, the hour at which the Crescent must again give place to the Cross. The causes and progress of this dominions not materially diminished, into the posicurious revolution of sentiment we now purpose to trace; and to ascertain, if possible, by what sequence of events, and changes of opinion, such conditions of public policy have at length been accredited among us.

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tion of a Protected State-subsisting, apparently, by the interested patronage of those very powers which had been so scared and scandalized at its growth. If our inquiry should include fewer exemplifications than might be expected of the It will naturally be presumed that the clouds civil institutions of this extraordinary nation, the now actually gathering on the Eastern heavens omission must be attributed to the extent of the have suggested both our disquisition and its more immediate subject, and the imperative remoral; nor, indeed, should we, without reason- strictions of space. A sagacious moralist once able warrant for such an introduction of the sub- said of an historian of the Turks, that he was ject. But we feel it would be here perilous to unhappy only in the choice of his matter. If the prophesy the dissolution of a state which has now course of our proposed exposition were but a little been, for five generations, in its nominal agony. less narrow, we should not distrust our ability to We believe we might venture to assert that no cancel this invidious qualification; for there are, Christian writer has treated of Ottoman history, in reality, no known annals more striking in their who did not seek in the sinking fortunes or im- details, and often more purely romantic, than pending fall of the empire the point and commen- those of the house of Othman. Even as it is, dation of his tale. Knolles thankfully recounted we hope for some success; for, though of all the signs of its decline two hundred and fifty kinds of history political history possesses the years ago. Cantemir discoursed of the growth fewest superficial attractions, yet such topics as and decay of the Ottoman Empire," while even the naturalization of a Mahometan sovereignty Poland was still a powerful kingdom. As the among the states of Christendom-the varying eighteenth century wore on, such reflections be- phases of religious zeal the conflict of tradicame both more justifiable and more frequent; tional duties and practical policy-and the rise and, as the artificial existence of Turkey was and growth of such an element as the power of hardly yet anticipated, the close of its natural the Czars-should command their share of interest term seemed within the limits of easy calculation. and attention. Even the end of the great war, which left so It may reasonably be thought remarkable that many crumbling monarchies repaired and strength- the establishment of an infidel power at the gates ened, brought no similar relief to the house of of Europe should not, in those ages of faith, Othman. Excluded, on the contrary, from the have provoked a prompt and effective combination arrangements of the great European settlement, of the whole Christian world for the expulsion of Turkey remained exposed to worse perils than the intruder. In explanation, however, of this any which had yet beset her. In the great peace apathy or impotence, there are several consideraof Europe there was no peace for Constantinople. tions to be mentioned. In the first place, the Thirty years since, the historian of the Middle phenomenon coincided singularly, in point of Ages expected, " with an assurance that none time, with the definite abandonment of the system can deem extravagant, the approaching subversion of eastern crusades. The seventh and last of of the Ottoman power;" and the progressive cur- these enterprises had resulted in scandal and rent of events has certainly in no degree changed defeat; and had disclosed the growing reluctance since this conviction was avowed. Yet, though of state and people to contribute towards expedithe only symptom of imminent dissolution that tions which neither promoted the objects nor conthen seemed wanting has now appeared, and duced to the credit of those engaged in them. though territorial dismemberment has partially(The final and total loss of the Holy Land in

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