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the growth of weeds, and in gathering, drying, and packing the leaves, now raised a commodity exchangeable in the markets of Europe. In this way they obtained various supplies, which they could not have obtained in any other way. In this way also they found the means of purchasing more slaves. As the number of slaves increased, the cultivation of tobacco was extended; some roads were made and solid houses were built. In the course of a few years the face of the colony was changed, and the tobacco planters of Virginia became noted for their prosperity.

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These are the arguments which this author employs to apologize for the partiality to slavery, which so strangely finds its supporters in the boasted land of liberty. To show the tendency of colonies to understand the value of slaves, the author says, that the system of employing convicts in New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, is equivalent in principle to that of slavery, for that the inhabitants set the greatest value upon it, is proved by the extreme fear which they shew of the discontinuance of transportation. It has been said, however, that the Puritans, and followers of Penn, the founders of New England, did without slavery. But such is not the fact, for though their religious sentiments prompted them to abstain from the purchase of negroes, so severely did they, on that very account, feel the want of constant and combined labour, that they were led to carry on an extensive trafic in white men and children, who, kidnapped in Europe, were virtually sold to those fastidious colonists, and treated by them as slaves. But the number of Europeans kidnapped for the purpose of sale in those parts of America where negroes could not be sold, though considerable, in proportion to the number of settlers then wanting combined labour, was small when compared with the number of Europeans, who, first decoyed to America by the offer of a passage cost free, and the promise of high wages, were then transferred for terms of years to colonies who paid for their passage. These, under the name of redemptioners, were, for a long period, the principal servants of those colonies in which slavery was forbidden by law. Even so lately as within the last twenty years, and especially during the last war between England and America, which put a stop to Irish emigration, vast numbers of poor Germans were decoyed to those states which forbid slavery, and there sold for long terms of years to the highest bidder, by public auction.

This employment of slave-labour also receives illustration in another form, if we look to the late experience which has been had of colonies formed without it. The most remarkable instance is the Spanish colony of Buenos Ayres. The vast plain which lies between the South Atlantic and the mountains of Chili contains hardly any sterile land. Nearly the whole of it consists of the most fertile soil, which, though in a state af nature, exhibits vegetation more luxuriant than could be produced in the greater part of Europe by the most skilful cultivation. This, then, was the finest situation in the world, in which to take advantage of

abundance of good land. The Spaniards who got possession of these fertile plains emigrated from one of the civilized European states. Yet, according to the best information that can be obtained of a society now more than half barbarous, this colony never prospered,

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And then let us turn to the other side of the world, and see what has been the result of the last attempt at colonization on the part of England. On the west coast of New Holland there is abundance of good land, and of land too, cleared and drained by nature. Those who have left England to settle there have carried out, amongst them, more than enough capital to employ such of them as were of the labouring class. The capital taken out, in seeds, implements, cattle, sheep and horses, cannot have been less, in money value, than 200,000l.; and the labourers must have amounted to a thousand at the very lowest. What is become of all that capital and all those labourers? The greater part of the capital has perished; some few of the labourers have died of hunger; some, falling into extreme want, have been glad to escape to Van Dieman's Land, where there are slaves; and the remainder are independent land-owners, isolated, not well supplied with even the necessaries of life, and as wild as Englishmen could become in so short a time, This colony may prosper in the course of years; but for the present it must be considered, when compared with the expectations of those who founded it, a decided failure. Why this failure with all the elements of success, a fine climate, plenty of good land, plenty of capital and enough labour, ers? The explanation is easy. In this colony, there never has been a class of labourers. Those who went out as labourers no sooner reached the colony than they were tempted by the superabundance of good land to become landowners. One of the founders of the colony, Mr. Peel, who, it is said, took out a capital of 50,000l. and three hundred persons of the labouring class, men, women and children, has been represented as left without a servant to make his bed or fetch him water from the river.

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It appears, from all these facts and arguments, that the cause of the continuance of slavery in America is a want of free labournot that it is too dear, or that the land-owners would not pay the wages that might be asked; but it does not exist it is not to be found; and, in such circumstances, what is to be done for the cultivation of the soil? Nevertheless a separate consideration. must certainly be applied to those countries which constantly boast of their paramount attachment to freedom, and yet consent to receive all the benefits of the system which they seek to condemn.

After concluding a long chapter, the object of which is to justify the American tariff, the author proceeds to an extensive and elaborate consideration of what he calls the Art of Colonization. Several works are now extant in England on the subject of colonies, but hitherto no proper attempt has been made to expound the ends and means of colonization. The author defines this

term as signifying the removal of people from an old to a new country, and the settlement of people on the waste land of the new country. So far as the mother country of the people forming the new colony is concerned, she, in promoting their emigration, may be actuated by a wish to extend the market for her own produce, or to relieve herself from excessive numbers: or, finally, to enlarge the field for the employment of her capital. With respect to the creation of markets, a good exemplification of the process by which England could avail herself of her power in this respect, is laid down by our author. There is no part of the world, according to his view, from which England could more properly expect to get cheap corn, but the United States, Canada, and her own colonies in South Africa and New Holland, because, in all these countries, men with English habits and language compose the inhabitants, and would be of necessity consumers of British goods, for which in return they would give cheap corn. The conclusion then is, that for obtaining the greatest market by which cheap corn could be purchased, England is bound to plant or extend her colonies.

In speaking of the experiments made by the English government on emigration, the author shews that the measures to which this name was given, were so futile, that their consequences exhibit no certain foundation for any thing like a safe conclusion, and that, therefore, they furnish no argument against emigration. On the other hand, that she would benefit by such a measure is most likely, since she would be, as already stated, enlarging the market for her productions, to say nothing of the advantage, also, of her being able to prevent, by the same means, civil tumults at home, to keep the peace there, to maintain order, to uphold confidence in the security of property, to hinder interruptions of the regular course of industry and trade, to avert the terrible evils which, in a country like England, could not but follow any serious political convulsion.

We are under the necessity of pausing in this place, having now gone through the principal portion of the work. We have had to complain, in the course of this article, that the author had frequently deviated from the object to which the work was expressly devoted, and we now renew the expression of our disappointment at the manner in which the engagement thus contracted has been fulfilled. The length to which the comparison between the two countries has been carried is very limited indeed, scarcely occupying more than a quarter of his pages. Enthusiasm seems to have excited him to a forgetfulness of his plan throughout the whole of the latter part of his work. Nevertheless, the matter substituted for what would have been more appropriate is certainly unobjectionable, and is particularly well worthy the perusal of all those who are concerned in the welfare of the country.

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ART. XII.The Popular Encyclopædias, it gives to every branch of

pædia; being a General Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, Biography, History, and Political Economy; reprinted from the American Edition of the "Conversations Lexicon,"with corrections and additions, so as to render it suitable to this country, and bring it down (to the present time, with Dissertations on the Rise and Progress of Literature. By Sir D. K. SANDFORD, LL.D. Oxon: and on the Progress of Science, by THOMAS THOMSON, M. D., F. R. S. L. & E., &c. &c. Vol. 1, Part 1. Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1833,

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knowledge its proper amount of attention, and does not limit itself to the sciences and their technicalities, but comprehends articles on familiar subjects, themes which nearly affect every individual in his domestic life and ordinary occupations. It may be said to be the most complete work of general reference which has ever yet been presented to the public, and may be said to be especially complete in biography, commerce, geography, history, statistics, and the fine arts. The publishers, we perceive, of the present volume, have felt the propriety of retaining in this edition the whole of the contents of the original, in consequence of the perfection and accuracy with which it was executed; besides.which, the present publication has all the advantages of the latest improvements in it, whether contributed by the Germans themselves or by American writers. Several important subjects, such as banking and bankrupt, which may be said to be peculiar to this country, are of course treated by the editors with the care and copiousness which would not have been necessary in the original. The only objectionable part of the arrangement effected by the publishers in this volume, is the insertion of the disquisitions, which has no other rational object, than a mere

Whilst we lament, in this instance, that Great Britain should be one of the latest countries to adopt the improved methods of giving instruction which are produced in other kingdoms, we feel no little degree of satisfaction at the manner in which, though tardily, she has fulfilled her duty in this respect. Amongst the whole of the editions of the Conversations Lexicon, whether we regard the German or the French, or the American, there is not one of the whole succession which can be said to be more carefully or more splendidly executed than that which we have now the pleasure of seeing before us. In type, paper, and in illustrations, this specimen may be said to be a master-compliance with a custom founded piece of art.

The plan and details of the original work, of which the present volume is a part, have been selected on a principle that has rendered it one of the most popular productions of the age. Unlike other EncycloVOL. III. (1833) NO. IV.

on gross affectation. What is there so peculiar in the sketch of physical science, for example, which is prefixed to the present volume, that would prevent it from being placed in its natural position according to its alphabetical rank? It would

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have been just as well if the proprietors had insisted upon the plan of the original being preserved per-fectly undisturbed, save only where the necessity of attending to those British subjects which were either omitted or imperfectly treated by the Germans or Americans.

ART. XIII.-On Man; his Motives, their Rise, Operations, Opposition, and Results. By WILLIAM BAGSHAW CLARK, M. A., formerly of Brazen Nose College, Oxford. In 2 Vols. 12mo. London: Longman, Rees, and Co., 1833.

The abstruse and even very doubtful nature of the subject chosen by Mr. Bagshaw would afford, we are sure, but little attraction, and certainly no great practical benefit, were we here to follow him through the whole of his statements and arguments. The object of his work is to demonstrate, or at least to render probable, that human beings are formed of a two-fold nature, the one being the soul, the other the body, and that the motives which operate upon them are adapted respectively to each of these natures, and, finally, that these natures act as antagonist powers, opposing each other, and are constantly challenging the exercise of a choice in him who is thus constituted. The great feature of originality which Mr. Bagshaw claims in this work, and which he gives as his reason for publishing it, is his description of the mode in which the choice of man between the two hostile influences is elicited; for that having directed his attention to motives, their rise, and opposition, it incidentally, as it were, occurred to him, that opposition of motives gave birth to choice, and that there could be no

choice without it. Mr. Bagshaw does not hesitate to seek an analogy for his spiritual theory in the physical phenomena which occur around us every day. Those who may be disposed, then, to believe that it is idle to dwell on choice as emanating from opposition, should consider the stupendous results resulting from this agency for is it not owing to the opposing powers of impulse, attraction, and gravitation, that the heavenly bodies, in our planetary. system, are confined in a periphery more or less elliptical? This result, Mr. Bagshaw contends, resembles the result of that mutual opposition which subsists between the appetites of the body on the one hand, and on the other the dictates of conscience and duty. Such is the principle which is sought to be elucidated in these volumes. The work, as a literary composition, reflects credit on the erudition, talents, and taste of the author; perhaps he may be said to enter too far upon questions which he has not had the professional opportunities of duly investigating; but there is the evi-. dence of much good sense in the work, such, at least, as preserves the author from the impending perils of absurdity which are hardly to be escaped in the dangerous navigation to which he has trusted his fragile bark.

ART. XIV.-Progressive Exercises in English Composition. By R. G. PARKER, A. M. 1 Vol. 12mo. London: J. R. Priestley, 1834.

Every day brings us in some fresh token of the progress which the true principle of education is mak ing at the present era, namely, that of calling on the mind of the learner to teach itself. The little work of Mr. Parker, now before us, admi

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