A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey

62 plate accordance acoustic addition affricate airstream mechanism alveolar approximant articulation bilabial Bini clearly close closure clusters Compare considered consists consonants described difference discussed distinction example Figure flow followed formant frequency fricative front Ghana given glottal glottis Hausa Idoma Igbo illustrating illustrating the difference implosive indicate involved Isoko kind labial velar labiodental laryngealized lateral linguistic lips lower Margi means mouth movement nasal Nigeria noted observations occur oral palatal particular phonetic photograph pitch Plate position possible pressure probably Province pulmonic raised recorded release seen sets shown shows similar slightly sounds Spectrograms illustrating stop studies suggested syllable symbols Table teeth tone tongue University upper usually utterance variation vibrating vocal cords voiced voiceless vowels Ward West African languages Yoruba